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PSYC 350 Sexuality > 9/24 > Flashcards

9/24 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system

A

Hormone:chemical secreted by endocrine gland

Major hormone producing glands:pituitary, gonads, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas

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2
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

releases gonadotropin hormone (Gn-Rh)

Part of limbic system in brain, helps to regulate basic motivations

The four f’s (basic motivations):
Fighting
Feeding
Fleeing
Sexual behavior

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3
Q

Hypothalamus control

A

Pituitary gland: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) + luteinizing hormone (LH)

Anterior lobe interacts with gonads

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4
Q

Gonads:

A

steroids (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

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5
Q

Adrenal gland:

A

estrogen and testosterone

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6
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A

People with ovaries: maturation of ovarian follicles
People with testes: growth of sperm cells

FSH controls sperm production in males

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7
Q

LH(luteinizing hormone)

A

People with ovaries:ovulation, development of corpus luteum

People with testes: production of testerone

LH controls testosterone production in male

ovum development and estrogen secretion in females

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8
Q

Testes

A

Produce androgens (ie T)

Development and maintenance of masculine physical characteristics

Maintaining genital and ability to produce sperm

Growth of bone and muscle

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9
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

neg feedback loop

maintains a steady level of testosterone

hypothalamus-GnRH->pituitary gland- FSH(sperm) & LH (production of testosterone) -> Testes-testosterone and inhibin

When T is lower, this signals hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis to start

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10
Q

Assumptions that testosterone levels are fairly steady

A

Research evidence: there are some fluctuations in T

Higher T in morning, lower T at night

Weekly fluctuations

Seasonal fluctuations (LOWER IN summer higher in fall)
T can be affected by behavior (sexual activity can be associated with T)

Cortisol level decrease T

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11
Q

Estrogen:

A

Development of physical characteristics (stimulate growth of uterus, pelvis, breast )

Stopping growth of bone and muscle (stop growing when we get our period)

Regulation of menstrual cycle

Maintaining mucous membranes of vagina

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12
Q

Progesterone

A

Regulation of menstrual cycle
Development of uterine lining

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13
Q

Inhibin

A

Involved in helping regulating the hormones and neg feedback loop (too low levels)

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14
Q

Pituitary gland (in people with ovaries)

A

Prolactin: milk production, progesterone production
High levels of prolactin in people with testes= sexual desire difficulty, erectile difficulties

Oxytocin (tend and befriend;social bonding)
Milk secretion, contractions of uterus during childbirth

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15
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in people with ovary:

A

Hypothalamus (GnRH)->pituitary gland (FSH & LH)->Ovaries-ESTROGEN,PROGESTERONE, INHIBIN

Hypothalamus detected levels of estrogen and progesterone and releases them according to neg or pos level

Female and Male hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis are quite similar

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16
Q

Menstruation

A

shedding of endometrium (layer of uterus)-no fertilization of ovum

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17
Q

Menarche

A

first menstruation

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18
Q

Amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation

Primary amenorrhea: never had period

Secondary amenorrhea: was having period then stopped
~~You can still get pregnant even having amenorrhea

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19
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Regulated by fluctuating hormones
Length: 21-36 days
4 phases

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20
Q

4 phases of menstrual cycle

A

1)follicular (prolifertaive phase) (10 days)
2)ovulatory phase
3)luteal phase (14 days)
4)menstrual phase

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21
Q

Hormonal Birth Control

A

The combination pill (estrogen and synthetic progesterone)

Hormones for 21 days, then no pill or sugar pill for 7 days

Pill works by preventing ovulation

You have constant higher dose of estrogen and progesterone and maintaining consistent hormone levels then what is expected

This throws off the negative feedback loop (stops body from producing natural hormones)

Also helps thicken cervical mucous

Pill maintains more consistent hormone levels (ie no peak in estrogen, no ovulation)

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22
Q

What are recent advancement in male birth control

A

One option is a pill increases progesterone to decrease sperm levels but this also lowers T levels
~Participants will report acne, headaches, ED, weight gain, etc.. (which is why participants drop out)

Another advancement is a nonsurgical vasectomy created in india(a gel injected to testes)

23
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Pain or discomfort (cramps)

fluid retention(bloating)
~mastalgia is bloating in breasts

primary dysmenorrhea: just normal period cramps

secondary dysmenorrhea:pain associated with organic problems

24
Q

where do cramps come from

A

prostaglandins (cuts off blood flow)

25
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
physiological/psychological symptoms present 4-6 days before period begins, may persist into menstrual phase Ie depression, breast pain
26
Controversy of pms
200 symptoms? Researchers don't really agree on one definition Some people don’t think PMS is a thing symptoms varies between cultures
27
DSM-5-TR: premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
Patient should report in a diary daily of their symptoms for at least 2 menstrual cycles Prevalence: 1.8%-5.8% of menstruators
28
PMDD controversy
Pathologizes menstruation Appropriateness of sex-specific diagnostic criteria Study found that 4.1% of men and 8.0% of women met criteria for provisional PMDD diagnosis If we take away menstruation part, non-menstruators are indicating they have these symptoms as well
29
Diagnostic issues with PMDD
DSM-5 requires daily rating during at least 2 symptomatic cycles Not very efficient for clinical utility People are not using daily rating required
30
Role of culture in PMDD
More exposure to American culture, more PMDD Prevalence of PMDD in USA in Black vs White women Black women sig less likely to experience PMDD Japanese people rarely have PMDD
31
Moon Time
For many indigenous communities, moon cycle (menstrual cycle is a gift to women Time for renewal and reflection Time to cleanse and purify yourself spiritually, mentally, physically Women on moon time are powerful and intuitive
32
Sexual Differentiation
Single cell has 23 chromosome pairs 22/23 chromosome are the same between men and women, 23rd pair determine the sex of embryo All eggs carry one x, sperm can be x or y xx=female; xy=male
33
Genetic males are more likely to have abnormal recessive gene
Genetic females have carrier gene to override effects of abnormal recessive gene
34
Prenatal sex development
Until 6 weeks after conception male and female embryos are the same All embryos have the potential to have male or female reproductive system, they both have: ~Wolffian duct (prostate gland)->likely to become male ~Mullerian duct (uterus)-> likely to become female
35
1) For males, At 7 weeks, the sex determining region, Y chromosome sends a message for the gonads to develop into testes which then produces sex hormones
Male:mullerian ducts degenerate (hormone is released that stops development of mullerian duct), wolffian ducts develop
36
2)If there are no Y chromosome in sex determining region-> the gonads will continue to develop into female embryo
For females At 8 -10 weeks, the gonads develop into ovaries to produce sex hormones Female:wolffian ducts degenerate, mullerian ducts develop
37
At 3 months, hormones are released starting the development of external genitals
Genital tubercle: can become head of penis or clitoris Genital fold:can become shaft of penis or labia minora Labioscrotal swelling:becomes scrotum or labia major (the presence or absence of androgens(T) plays a role in the development sex organs) ~Lack of androgens->female ~Presence of androgens->male
38
Cross cultural preferences in birth of child
China: parents want boys Patriarchal society Selective abortion (for girls), infanticide India More girls than boy babies survive due to cultural preference Consequences: gender imbalance (more men than women)
39
parents are more likely to express ------ in birth of boy and -------- in birth of girl
pride;happiness
40
Indian immigrants in Canada:
Women in second trimester, they have higher abortion rate After 2 girls are born: Every 192 boys, 100 girls are born Might be bc they're aborting the girls, so that they are having a boy for the 3rd child
41
Brain differentiation (prenatal)
Difference in hypothalamus: Estrogen sensitivity differences for females and males Differences in amygdala: Male amygdala is larger (conflicting) Plasticity is more important: More similarities than differences between girls and boys More about experience and learning that changes brain
42
David Reimer study
men had failed circumcision which then his parents decided to turn him into girl Conclusion: many factors that determine gender identity not just social (gender might be innate)
43
Biological sex variables
Chromosomal sex Gonadal sex Prenatal hormonal sex Internal sexual organs External genital appearance Pubertal hormonal sex
44
Psychological gender variables
Gender assigned at birth Gender identity
45
Intersex individual
Genital not clearly male or female (2%)
46
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
Born with XX (female) chromosomes Adrenal gland becomes to function abnormally that causes the female to receive as much androgen as a male Causes genital to look more masculine
47
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Genetic male fetus produces normal levels of T, however the body tissues are insensitive to Testosterone and so development of sex organs looks female
48
Intersex Society of North America (ISNA)
Goal: end shame,secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with atypical sex anatomy Emphasis: variability not abnormality Surgery: only if and when the intersex person requests it
49
Puberty
Second most important phase during which sexual differentiation occurs other being the prenatal period Marked increase in level of sex hormones Not a point in time but further sexual differentiation occurs Boys start puberty 2 years later than girls
50
Adolescence
Emerging adulthood (around 10-20 yrs) Rite of passage
51
KISS1 GENE-> release kisspeptin
Releases hormones In hypothalamus to initiate puberty
52
what does KISS1 gene do to people with testes
Test and scrotal sac Growth of penis, hair Muscle mass, height
53
what does KISS1 gene do to People with ovaries:
Breast development Fat deposits Growth spurt Menarche (avg age 12.7) Not able to be pregnant until after 1st period

PSYC 350 Sexuality (5 decks)

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