9. Behaviour therapy

Question 1

what are the common factors in all therapy models?

Answer 1

o No one model is superior to the other
o all models help clients be better
o therapies of choice?

Question 2

what was behaviourism a reaction to?

Answer 2

other mentalist models

Question 3

what is human behaviour the consequence of?

Answer 3

reaction to stimuli in the environment

Question 4

what are behavioural approaches geared to?

Answer 4

‘modifying human behaviour that are seen to be maladaptive’
o relative to whom?
o use of behavioural techniques in therapy is only one aspect of this
o used in a variety of other contexts
o domestic sphere, educational and other institutions, corrective services, consumer industry

Question 5

what is the stimulus-response law based on?

Answer 5

the obejctive systematic observation

Question 6

what is the focus of the stimulus-response law?

Answer 6

Focus on subject’s response to external stimuli

Question 7

what are the factors and processes of the stimulus-response law?

Answer 7

• Replication of S-R behaviour under experimental conditions
• consistent across time and situation and therefore replicable
• Possibly to modify human behaviour by manipulating external stimuli
• Behavioural determinism

Question 8

what is the brief history behind behavioural approaches?

Answer 8

• Early beginnings. Contemporary behavioural approaches have tended to move away from these earlier understanding of human behaviour- recognition that we humans are much more sophisticated and our behaviour much more complex and variable- exploring more contemporary applications

Question 9

what theory is contemporary behavioural theory based on?

Answer 9

the learning theory

Question 10

what are the 4 learning theories?

Answer 10

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning, cognitive-behavioural

Question 11

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 11

(Pavlov): learning through pairing or association of stimuli

Question 12

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 12

(Thorndike, Skinner): learning through operating on or interacting with the environment

Question 13

what is social learning?

Answer 13

(Bandura): learning through observation and modelling of significant others

Question 14

what is cognitive-behavioral theory?

Answer 14

Eillis): Learning that includes the mediation of cognitive variables

Question 15

when do we begin to learn?

Answer 15

o long before formal learning

o from the time we enter the world

Question 16

what is the scientific view of human nature?

Answer 16

he individual is the producer and the produce of his/her environment

Question 17

what is behavioral therapy based on?

Answer 17

based on the principles of procedures of the scientific method

Question 18

what is the focus of behavioural therapy?

Answer 18

focus on client’s current maladaptive behaviours and the factors influencing them

Question 19

what does behavioural therapy emphasise on?

Answer 19

emphasis on personal responsibility; tailored to ‘target behaviours’

Question 20

how is behavioural therapy oriented?

Answer 20

action oriented focusing on client self-monitoring and rehearsing adaptive behaviours

Question 21

what does behavioural therapy say about change?

Answer 21

change is not dependent on insight into underlying causes or dynamics

Question 22

what does behavioural therapy require?

Answer 22

• ongoing assessment and evaluation of intervention

* requires a collaborative therapist/client relationship

Question 23

what are humans according to behavioural therapists?

Answer 23

blank slates where patterns are imprinted over the life span

Question 24

what is the scientist-practitioner model?

Answer 24

client/therapist evaluation in therapeutic context

Question 25

what is required for a person to change?

Answer 25

commitment and what the person is commited to do in order to bring change. it is not just thinking, planning and intending

Question 26

why is behavioural therapy collavorative?

Answer 26

o Value/benefits of change, possibility of change, resources to bring about change o skilled in empathetic negotiation o patience to journey with client

Question 27

what are maladaptive behaviours?

Answer 27

o not right or wrong, good or bad | o what client sees as working for them

Question 28

what is personal responsibility with regard to maladaptive behavours>

Answer 28

in the recognition of maladaptive behaviours and acting to change – limited insight

Question 29

what are the uses of classical conditioning in behavioural therapy?

Answer 29

systematic desensitisation (reciprocal inhivition)

Question 30

what is systematic desensitisation?

Answer 30

o targets a range of anxiety based disorders – phobias o couples with progressive muscle relaxation training o used in the inhibition of atypical sexual arousal

Question 31

how is operant conditioning used in behavioural therapy in a positive way?

Answer 31

: introduction of something experienced by the subject as positive with a view to enhancing desired behaviours e.g. o Partner coming home early and getting children ready for bed o cheering at a sporting event o incorporating self-reinforcement o cheer-leading in therapy o reduction in petrol consumption for keeping speed limits

Question 32

how is operant conditioning used in behavioural therapy in a negative way?

Answer 32

``` : introduction of something experienced by the subject as aversive with a view to initiating a desired behaviours e.g. o Seat belt buzzer o electric fences o antabuse of smoking o electric shocks for pedophiles o speed bumps o turning off in therapy ```

Question 33

how is operant conditioning used in behavioural therapy with rewards and punishment way?

Answer 33

: intended to decrease/enhance target behaviour, but are more about disapproval or approval of behaviours

Question 34

what is punishment?

Answer 34

* why the effect is limited? * short term * aversive emotional states * link with agents * models aggressive behaviour * about power & control * (Grounding adolescents, prison sentences, traffic fines)

Question 35

what are rewards?

Answer 35

* unrelated to behaviour * effects are temporary * based on external evaluation

Question 36

what are primary reinforcements?

Answer 36

food, sex, tactile

Question 37

what are secondary reinforcements?

Answer 37

acceptance, inclusion, promotion, verbal accolades

Question 38

what is relative reinforcement?

Answer 38

o the person o intensity o situation o satiation

Question 39

what is conditioned reinforcement?

Answer 39

o money o attention o status

Question 40

what is discriminative reinforcement?

Answer 40

``` environmental stimulus which calls for response. e.g. • traffic light • flood guage • lighting • a loss in gambling ```

Question 41

what is the shaping reinforcement?

Answer 41

reinforcing steps towards a desired behaviour e.g. time management, managing alcohol consumption

Question 42

what is involved in social learning?

Answer 42

social skills training, modelling

Question 43

what is involved in modelling?

Answer 43

vicarious, characteristics of models, types of models.

Question 44

what does social learning aim to achieve?

Answer 44

learning to extinguish, manage behaviours in adaptive ways (anger management, social anxiety, substance abuse). assertion training

Question 45

what are some behaviours learnt through modelling?

Answer 45

o social skills o manners o managing emotions o assertiveness

Question 46

what is vicarious modelling?

Answer 46

identifying with another

Question 47

what are the characteristics of models?

Answer 47

o status o relationship o consistent o reliable

Question 48

what are types of models?

Answer 48

o Live o pretend models o models in literature & TV

Question 49

what are self-management programs?

Answer 49

community based behaviour management programs that are economical, ongoing ad self-directed

Question 50

what are the goals of self-management programs?

Answer 50

o selecting concrete goals o identifying target behaviours o self-monitoring through use of behaviour diaries and ABC analysis o developing action plans with build in reinforcements o evaluation

Question 51

what is the process of behavioural (functional) analysis?

Answer 51

1. identify target behaviour through self-monitoring 2. operationalize (make concrete) the behaviour 3. explore- 4. 4. construct behaviour change goals

Question 52

in the explore step of behavioural (functional analysis), what does a, B, C stand for?

Answer 52

``` A = antecedents B = behaviour C = consequences ```

Question 53

what are the characteristics of goaling in behaviour therapy?

Answer 53

* collaborative process * client identifies desired change * client ‘owns’ the goal/s * goals are observable and quantifiable * identifying intermediate goals * clarifying whether goals are attainable * costs-benefits evaluated * develop plan of action over time * evaluate progress over time

Question 54

what are the therapeutic techniques of behavioural therapy?

Answer 54

* systematic desensitization * reinforcement * relaxation training * flooding * exposure therapy – in vivo or imaginal * social skills training * assertiveness training * eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)