9. Nervous system Flashcards
(113 cards)
0
Q
mening-
A
membrane
meninges: membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord
1
Q
ax-
A
axis
axon: cylindrical nerve fiber that carries impulses away from a neuron cell body.
2
Q
gangli-
A
a swelling
ganglion: mass of neuron cell bodies
3
Q
-lemm
A
rind or peel
neurilemma: sheath that surrounds the myelin of a nerve cell axon.
4
Q
moto-
A
moving
motor neuron: neuron that stimulates a muscle to contract or a gland to secrete.
5
Q
dendr-
A
tree
dendrite: branched nerve cell process that serves as a receptor surface of a neuron
6
Q
peri-
A
around
peripheral nervous system: Portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves branching from the brain and spinal cord
7
Q
plex-
A
interweaving
choroid plexus: mass of specialized capillaries associated with spaces in the brain.
8
Q
sens-
A
feeling
sensory neuron: Neuron that conducts impulses into the brain or spinal cord
9
Q
syn-
A
together
synapse: Junction between two neurons
10
Q
Ventr-
A
belly or stomach
ventricle: fluid-filled space in the brain.
11
Q
These may be numerous and receive electrochemical messages.
A
Dendrites
12
Q
These cells are the main functional units of the nervous system and are specialized to react to physical and chemical changes in their surroundings
A
Neurons (or nerve cells)
13
Q
Neurons transmit information in the form of electrochemical changes, often called ________. This allows them to ____________ with other neurons and with _______ outside the nervous system.
A
Nerve impulses. Communicate. Cells
14
Q
Neurons typically have a rounded area called the _______. They have these two types of extensions:
A
Cell body. Dendrites and Axons
15
Q
Extensions that send information in the form of nerve impulses
A
Axons
16
Q
Usually, a neuron has how many axons?
A
1
17
Q
Nervous tissue also includes _______ . This provides physical support, insulation and nutrients for neurons.
A
Neuroglia
18
Q
Organ group consisting of the brain and spinal cord
A
Central Nervous System
19
Q
funi-
A
small cord of fiber
funiculus: Major nerve tract or bundle of myelinated nerve cell axons in the spinal cord.
20
Q
Group composed of the nerves (bundles of axons) that connect the central nervous system to other body parts
A
Peripheral Nervous System
21
Q
What are the two major subdivisions of the nervous system?
A
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
22
Q
What three general functions do the CNS and PNS provide?
A
Sensory, integrative, and motor
23
Q
Location where nerve impulses are integrated.
A
CNS
24
What are the two major types of cells that form nervous tissue?
Neurons and Neuroglia
25
These receptors gather information by detecting changes inside and outside the body. They are located at the ends of the _______ neurons.
Sensory Receptors. Peripheral
26
The nervous system receives information from _______ ________ and initiates responses through _______ organs (muscles and glands).
sensory receptors. effector.
27
Sensory receptors convert environmental information into ______ _______, which are then transmitted over ________ nerves to the ____________.
nerve impulses. peripheral. central nervous system.
28
As a result of integrative function, we make conscious or unconscious decisions and use ______ ________ to act on them.
Motor Functions
29
The PNS consists of these nerves
Cranial and Spinal
30
PNS is divided into these two subgroups:
Sensory division and Motor Divisioin
31
When signals are brought together, creating sensations, adding to memory or helping produce thoughts that translate sensations into perceptions the signals are ________
integrated.
32
PNS division that uses sensory receptors:
Sensory Division
33
PNS division that uses the Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System
Motor Division
34
The Somatic Nervous system uses _______ muscles.
Skeletal
35
The Autonomic Nervous System uses _______ muscle and _______ muscle and _______.
Smooth. Cardiac. Glands.
36
responsive structures outside the nervous system that include muscles and glands whose actions are either controlled or modified by nerve impulses.
Effectors
37
Motor functions that are under voluntary (conscious) control compose the ___________. It controls this type of muscle:
Somatic Nervous System, Skeletal
38
Division of the PNS that controls effectors that are involuntary, such as cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and various glands
Autonomic Nervous System
39
How do sensory receptors collect information?
By detecting changes inside and outside the body. They monitor external environmental factors such as light, sound and conditions of the internal environment such as temperature and oxygen level.
40
How does the central nervous system integrate incoming information?
it integrates them by: bringing signals together, creating sensations, adding to memory , or helping produce thoughts that translate sensations into perceptions.
41
What are two types of motor functions of the nervous system?
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System.
42
These are part of a neuron that provide structural frameworks, produce components of the electrical insulator _______ and carry on _________.
Neuroglia. Myelin. Phagocytosis.
43
What are the four types of Neuroglia in the CNS?
Microglial Cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
44
Form an epithelial-like membrane that covers specialized brain parts (choroid _______) and form inner linings that enclose spaces in the brain (________) and spinal cord (______ _______)
Ependymal Cells
| Plexuses. Ventricles. Central Canal.
45
Provide insulating layers of myelin called _____ _______ around axons within the brain and spinal cord. The align along nerve fibers.
OLIGODENDROCYTES.
| Myelin sheath.
46
Provide structural support, join parts by their abundant cellular processes and help regulate the concentrations of nutrients and ions within the tissue. Also form ____ ______ that fills spaces following injury to the CNS. Commonly found between ______ and _____ _______.
Astrocytes
| Scar Tissue. Neurons and Blood vessels.
47
Support neurons and phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris and form scars in areas of damage. Scattered throughout the central nervous system.
Microglial cells.
48
```
List the functions of the cells that support neurons:
Microglial Cells:
Oligodendrocytes:
Astrocytes:
Ependymal cells:
```
Microglial Cell: Phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris. Form scars in areas of damage.
Oligodendrocyte: provide myelin sheaths around axons within the brain and spinal chord.
Astrocyte: structural support. Help regulate concentrations of nutrients and ions within the tissue. Also form scar tissue following injury to the CNS.
Ependymal Cells: Covers specialized brain parts. Form inner linings that enclose spaces in the brain and spinal cord.
49
Distinguish between the types of neuroglia in the central nervous system.
Both Astrocytes and Microglial cells form scar tissue and each have their own specialized functions. Oligodendrocytes provide insulation whereas Ependymal Cells cover specialized brain parts.
50
What is the function of Schwann cells in the Peripheral Nervous System?
Produce a myelin sheath around axons of myelinated neurons.
51
Fast growing gliomas are brain tumors consisting of rapidly dividing ________ (_____ do not divide).
neuroglia. Neurons.
52
Distinguish between a dendrite and an axon
Dendrites are tree like structures that receive nerve impulses (electrochemical messages) and axons are extensions that SEND information in the form of nerve impulses.
53
Describe the components of a neuron
1. Cell body
2. tubular, cytoplasm-filled Dendrites (conduct nerve impulses to the neuron cell body)
3. Axon: conduct impulses away from the cell body.
54
Describe how a myelin sheath forms
Formed by Schwann Cells. These cells wind tightly around axons, coating them with many layers of cell membrane that have little or no cytoplasm between them.
55
Explain why axons of peripheral nerves can regenerate but axons of central system nerves cannot
duuuhhh...
56
Name three groups of neurons based on structure and three groups based on function
durrrr
57
cylindrical nerve fiber that carries impulses away from a neuron cell body.
axon
58
branched nerve cell process that serves as a receptor surface of a neuron
dendrite
59
major nerve tract or bundle of myelinated nerve cell axons in the spinal cord
funiculus
60
mass of neuron cell bodies
ganglion
61
Sheath that surrounds the myelin of a nerve cell axon
neuriLEMMA
62
membraneous coverings of the brain and spinal cord
meninges
63
neuron that stimulates a muscle to contract or a gland to secrete
motor neuron
64
Portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves branching from the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
65
Mass of specialized capillaries associated with spaces in the brain
choroid plexus
66
neuron that conducts impulses into the brain or spinal cord
sensory neuron
67
Junction between two neurons
synapse
68
Fluid-filled space in the brain
ventricle
69
List the 4 functions of the cells that support neurons (short answer). They are specific to which nervous system?
The neuroglia Fill spaces, provide structural frame works, produce components of the electrical insulator, MYELIN, and carry on phagocytosis. CNS.
70
Narrow gaps between Schwann Cells are called...
nodes of Ranvier
71
What kind of axons are in the CNS that appear white? What kind of axons and cell bodies appear gray in the CNS?
Myelinated axons are White Matter. Unmyelinated axons are Grey Matter.
72
Information that is transmitted in the form of electrical charges along a nerve is called a(n) _____________
nerve impulse
73
What is the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system?
Neuron
74
The part of the nervous system that is under voluntary or conscious control is part of the _________ nervous system.
Somatic
75
Name the type of cell which is directly specialized for the transmission of nerve impulses
Neuron
76
What does a postsynaptic neuron have that allows it to sense a neurotransmitter?
Receptor
77
What is the name of the structural and function unit of communication between two neurons?
synapse
78
what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Parasympathetic; sympathetic
79
Damage to the cerebellum will result in the loss of
muscle tone and equilibrium
80
True or False. The Corpus Callosum is considered a major part of the brain?
False
81
What part of a neuron receives information as electrochemical messages?
dendrite
82
The parietal lobe is responsible for the sensation of _______
pain
83
What part of the brain is responsible for producing the emotional reactions of fear, anger and pleasure?
?
84
Name the chemical that is used to aid the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
neurotransmitter
85
Where is cerebral spinal fluid located?
between the arachnoid mater and the pia pater
86
What are the support cells of the central nervous system?
neuroglia
87
True or False. Oligodendrocyte is a type of neuron.
False
88
What part of a neuron is responsible for sending information?
axon
89
This connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum
The corpus callosum
90
In what direction is a nerve impulse always transmitted?
?
91
What is the name of the cell that releases the neurotransmitter?
the presynaptic neuron
92
The supporting cells of the nervous system is called ______ cells
neuroglia
93
Complex problem solving occurs in the _______
frontal lobe
94
What is the term used to describe the mechanism of impulse conduction in a myelinated axon?
saltatory
95
Where does the spinal cord end?
between L1 and L2
96
Which lobes of the brain are responsible for the sense of hearing?
temporal lobes
97
What is the name of the chemical that a Schwann cell synthesizes?
myelin
98
This is thought of as a bridge between neurons and blood vessels in the central nervous system
Astrocytes
99
What part of the neuron cell body does an axon originate from?
Axon Hillock
100
The cytoplasm and nuclei of Schwann cells is called the _______
neurilemma
101
The perception of sensory impulses is the result of
the region of the brain that receives the impulse.
102
List the responses to stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system (see table 9.7)
?
103
How many neurons are required to send motor signals from the spinal cord to an autonomic effector (cardiac, smooth muscle or gland) and a somatic effector (skeletal muscle) respectively? (fig. 9.36)
?
104
The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are divisions of the______
Peripheral Nervous System
105
Which of the following are responses to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system?
?
106
A nerve is defined as_______
a bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue
107
What is the neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic neurons?
acetylcholine
108
What neurotransmitter is used by most postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
epinephrine
109
What is the neurotransmitter used by most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?
acetylcholine
110
What is the first (proximal) neuron of an autonomic pathway called?
preganglionic
111
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart?
?
112
A reflex is:
? All of the above are correct
