9 neuropsychology Flashcards

Question

What are some difficulties in assessing cognitive deficits?

Answer 1

within-individual variation → reliability of the measures, the normative standards for the measures, and the level of performance of the individual co-normed (single sample, or separate) extremes in performance

Answer 2

Situations where an illness or injury has the potential to adversely impact on cognitive functioning is one where neuropsychological assessment is indicated → degenerative diseases, traumatic brain injuries, chemotherapy (treatment of the illness impacts cognition) → secondary changes by mood and motivation changes

Answer 3

- some conditions are defined by the presence of cognitive impairment - dementia, postconcussion syndrome, mental retardation

Answer 4

- rule out presence of certain conditions - much more challenging - for many conditions there is very little differential diagnostic information contained in a neuropsychological assessment that even allows for differentiation between healthy populations and patients with a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions (data until 1997) - difference between differential diagnosis and statistical significant difference average difference of 2.5 SD is required

Answer 5

association between cognitive performance and achievements and everyday functioning - reduced cognitive impairment post TBI predicts greater potential - progression of cognitive impairment leads to functional decline in AD, PD, ... - cognitive impairments predict deficits in schizophrenia - cognitive impairments in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders have nearly identical relationships with everyday functioning - cognitive impairments in PD are associated with functional deficits consistent with dementia

Answer 6

reliable change index method RCI → adjusts for expected practice effects and unreliability of measures to develop an index of change - the lack of definitive information as to how much change is required to be important - how much worsening due to illness or injury is significant clinical correlations of imaging findings - deriving explanations for conditions from the physical manifestations

Answer 7

measure brain function non-invasively not asking, giving specific tests measuring subtle aspects of brain function, researchers and clinicians can get a powerful microscope into what’s happening under the hood standardised way of getting a snapshot of your health it doesn’t take much time to complete, and unlike brain scans that are very costly, or surgeries that involve risks, this kind of testing can be done at a desk or on a tablet.

Answer 8

Sensation Perception Motor skills and construction Attention and concentration Memory Executive functioning Processing speed Language/verbal skills

Answer 9

Sensation = ability of a person to detect a stimulus in one of the five sensory modalities visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory senses Perception = ability to identify a meaningful stimulus, processing sensory information

Answer 10

- blindness, deafness → illnesses, experiences, trauma, congenital abnormalities - agnosia = inability to recognise previously identifiable objects, sounds, smells, tastes → multiple subtypes inability to perform sensory-specific recognition, spatial stimuli

Answer 11

different basic elements of motor activity: fine motor abilities, including manual dexterity and motor speed, reaction time, balance finger tapping, pegboard tasks, both simple and grooved, and assessments of grip strength Construction = ability to copy or produce drawings of common objects Rey Complex Figure Mini-Mental State Examination Montreal Cognitive Assessment

Answer 12

SelA - attending to information that is relevant and important, ignoring other nonrelevant information global-local tasks two concurrent information streams (attentional control) automaticity - without apparent resource costs

Answer 13

SusA - concentration detection of simple stimuli, presented infrequently in the midst of a stream of other stimuli continuous performance task missed target stimuli (errors of omission), and responses to nontarget stimuli (errors of commission)

Answer 14

psychosis - errors of omission ADHD - increases in errors of commission Schizophrenia - fail to develop normal bias (responding to nontargets) challenges in dual-task demands

Answer 15

hold info in consciousness for adaptive use maintenance and manipulation of info digit span task mani: operating on information stored in working memory storage digit span task - backwards delayed response paradigms

Answer 16

interacts with working memory storage processes to encode, maintain, and retrieve information into and out of longer-term storage Encoding taking info contained in working memory and process it for longer term storage listening to a list of words and recalling it later semantic organisation, drawing and visualisation, implicit strategies → can all enhance memory abilities Rey Auditory verbal Learning test (RAVLT) California Verbal Learning test (CVLT) Storage retention of information after encoding all info learned is stored → retrieval failures brain change needs to happen so storage is affected

Answer 17

memory for motor actions or skills AD - learn and retain procedural skills, not verbal information

Answer 18

process of long-term storage of verbal information declarative memory system

Answer 19

remember to perform tasks in the future, medication, scheduled stuff, … event-based and time-based immediate and delayed response prospective memories

Answer 20

reasoning and problem solving management of multiple cognitive abilities ability that can be less affected by age as other cognitive functions

Answer 21

cognitive processing assessments that require rapid performance of tasks that range from very simple to complex Scoring is often in terms of elapsed time or number of correct responses this is most impaired in several neuropsychiatric conditions cognitive speed is a prerequisite for many other functions

Answer 22

conventional domains of cognitive dysfunction are not truly separable the larger the study of the factorial structure, the more likely it is that a single, global ability factor arises from factor analyses Cognitive domains should not be viewed as lacking validity if they are intercorrelated Finding a strong correlation between global executive functioning measures and other tasks that require executive control (eg, selective attention) is actually evidence of the validity of executive functioning.

Answer 23

- Flanker tast (arrow surrounded by congruent/incongruent arrows, need to say which direction the middle one points towards) - Trail making (visual attention, task switching, click on numbers in the right order) - Stroop task (name of a color has a different color) - Coordination (keep waterbubble ball in a circle on a tablet)

Answer 24

(1) reinforcing, strengthening, or reestablishing previously learned patterns of behavior; (2) establishing new patterns of cognitive activity through compensatory cognitive mechanisms for impaired neurological systems; (3) establishing new patterns of activity through external compensatory mechanisms such as personal orthoses or environmental structuring and support; and (4) enabling persons to adapt to their cognitive disability, even though it may not be possible to directly modify or compensate for cognitive impairments, in order to improve their overall level of functioning and quality of life. (Cicerone et al., 2000, pp. 1596-1597)

Answer 25

chronic deficits are in part because of learned disuse

Answer 26

cognitive functions are contextualised not as isolated modules but as interactive with one another, with other aspects of intrapersonal function

Answer 27

functional skill training with gradually increasing demands on attention not direct attention training! Attention Process Training (APT) hierarchy of exercises requiring attention skills that are hypothesised to be successively more difficult: sustained, selective, alternating, divided attention time pressure management for speed of processing generic concentration training method planning ahead to prevent information overload

Answer 28

common functions that help with memory (reminder stuff) external memory aids have strong evidence-support acceptance of the need for these education on how to use them effectively memory functions cannot be restored through practice mnemonic strategy = visual imagery errorless learning - maximal cues during the process routines!!

Answer 29

Self-management training - self-reward, self-monitoring, … Fleming and Ownsworth (2006) highlights the value of selecting key tasks and environments; providing clear feedback and structured learning experiences, including peer feedback via group therapy; and carefully considering the emotional consequences of improving self-awareness. cognitive-affective regulatory processes that enable purposeful, goal-directed behaviour in complex social environments

Answer 30

most commonly left neglect after stroke neglect is primarily a disorder of visual attention, which might be overcome by teaching explicit strategies to direct visual attention toward left hemispace. scanning to the left of their visual field defective representation of space at the level of the neural substrate Limb activation method - inducing active movements prism adaptation method wears lenses that shift the visual display toward the right field → adaptation → overrides it to interact with the environment correctly

Answer 31

practice or stimulation language therapies can produce strong treatment effects, dose-dependent circumlocution - talking around words that cannot be retrieved

Answer 32

These programs offered a variety of cognitive rehabilitation methods, including direct retraining of "core" functions such as attention, blended into a therapeutic milieu emphasizing peer support and feedback, group as well as individual therapy, and family interventions. Vocational training was also included, first in "protected" work trials to maximize success. group or milieu treatment model for people with chronic limitations who have derived maximum benefit from discipline-specific therapies and need additional help resuming a productive lifestyle.

9 neuropsychology Flashcards

(56 cards)