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kp16 > 9) Party systems and competition > Flashcards

9) Party systems and competition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a party system?

A

Party systems are sets of parties that compete and cooperate with the aim of controlling government.

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2
Q

What defines a liberal party?

A

Historically oldest family.

Established to demand democratization and economic liberalism.

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3
Q

What defines a conservative party?

A

Historically counter-movement of old elites to liberals.

Now support of conservative values + liberal economy.

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4
Q

What defines a socialist party?

A 
Traditional representatives of working-class.
Now representatives of the broader middle-class profile.
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5
Q

What defines a communist party?

A

Parties with anti-capitalist platform.

Traditionally attached to Soviet Union.

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6
Q

What defines a dominant party system?

A

One party has the absolute majorities over a long period.

Few coalitions/alternation.

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7
Q

What defines a two-party system?

A

Two competitive parties.

Majoritarian electoral systems.

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8
Q

What defines a multi-party system (according to the moderate model)?

A

No absolute majorities.

Competition towards the center.

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9
Q

What defines a multi-party system (according to the polarized model)?

A

Extreme parties pool other parties to the extrems.

Big ideological differences.

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10
Q

What defines a bipolar party system?

A

Electoral alliances.

Combines the logic of the two party and the multi party system.

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11
Q

What is a cleavage?

A

Cleavages are reflections of deep important conflicts.

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12
Q

What are the three dimensions of a cleavage?

A

Structural dimension.
Cultural dimension.
Political/organizational dimension.

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13
Q

Which four revolutions does cleavages result from?

A

The national revolution (19th century).
The industrial revolution (19th century).
The Russian revolution (20th century).
The post-industrial revolution (20th century).

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14
Q

Which two cleavages emerge from the national revolution?

A

Centre-periphery cleavage.

State-church cleavage.

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15
Q

Which two cleavages emerge from the industrial revolution?

A

Rural-urban cleavage.

Capital-labour cleavage.

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16
Q

What defines the centre-periphery cleavage?

A

Emergence of nation-state.
Administrative centralization.
Regionalist parties.

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17
Q

Which types of parties emerged from the centre-periphery cleavage?

A

Regional and minority parties.

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18
Q

What defines the state-church cleavage?

A

Nationalism-secularism link.
State-church conflict.
Christian democracy.

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19
Q

Which types of parties emerged from the state-church cleavage?

A

Conservative and religious parties.

20
Q

What defines the rural-urban cleavage?

A

Sectoral economic conflict.
Protectionism (the people) vs free trade (the industry).
Modern centre right.

21
Q

Which types of parties emerged from the rural-urban cleavage?

A

Agrarian parties.

22
Q

What defines the capital-labour cleavage?

A

Commodification.
Urbanized working class.
Conflict with employers and workers.

23
Q

What does commodification means?

A

People are turned in to a commodify/a good.

24
Q

Which types of parties emerged from the capital-labour cleavage?

A

Socialist parties.

25
Q

Which three new cleavages emerged in the 20th century?

A

The communism-socialism cleavage.
The materialism-post-materialism cleavage.
The integration-demarcation cleavage.

26
Q

What defines the communism-socialism cleavage?

A 
Cleavage within working class.
International revolution (communism).
…or change through democracy (socialism).
27
Q

What defines the materialism-post-materialism cleavage?

A

Silent revolution.
Old generations were occupied by the material issues.
New generations were occupied by more post-material issues.

28
Q

What defines the integration-demarcation cleavage?

A

Winners of globalization are the highly skilled people.
Losers of globalization are lowly skilled people.
Winners will demand integration.
Losers will demand demarcation.

29
Q

What does demarcation means?

A

National protection of the citizens (economic and cultural protection).

30
Q

What does re-alignment means?

A

The voters’ relationship to the parties are strong.

31
Q

What does de-alignment means?

A

The voters’ relationship to the parties are getting weaker.

32
Q

What does the market analogy says on party competition?

A

Parties calculate their strategies by formulating platforms with the goal of maximizing votes and being elected or re-elected.

33
Q

What does the spatial analogy says on party competition?

A

Parties will change position if they can get more votes, but not if an other party will take over their old position.

34
Q

What are Downs’ three assumptions on party competition?

A

I: rationality.
II: perfect information.
III: one dimentionality.

35
Q

What does Downs conclued on party competition?

A

Parties respond to voters ideological distribution.

Centre typically promises most votes.

36
Q

What are the criticism of Downs’ model?

A 
Rationality vs psychological processes.
Paradox of voting.
Vote vs office vs policy seeking.
One vs multi-dimensionality.
Position vs valence issues.
37
Q

How does voters act in majoritarian party systems?

A

Strategically vote: voters tend to vote strategically to avoid wasting votes on small parties with no change of getting seats.

38
Q

How does voters act in PR systems?

A

Sincerely vote: voters vote sincerely (their first preferences), because their vote is not wasted (small parties can win seats).

39
Q

How does parties act in majoritarian systems?

A

Reducing the number of parties: plurality small parties have an incentive to merge with others to increase their changes of passing the threshold.

40
Q

How does parties act in PR systems?

A

Increasing the number of parties: parties can survive on their own and small splinter parties are not penalized.

41
Q

Which cleavage emerged from the Russian revolution?

A

The communists-socialists cleavage.

42
Q

Which cleavages emerged from the post-industrial revolution?

A

Materialist-post-materialist cleavage.

Integration-demarcation cleavage.

43
Q

Which types of parties emerged from the communist-socialist cleavage?

A

Communists parties.

44
Q

Which types of parties emerged from the material-post-material cleavage?

A

Ecologists parties.

45
Q

Which types of parties emerged from the integration-demarcation cleavage?

A

Protest parties (new radikal right).

kp16 (15 decks)

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