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01 Pathology > 9 Principles of Neoplasia > Flashcards

9 Principles of Neoplasia Flashcards

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1
Q

Leading cause of death in US

A 
Heart diseases
Cancer
Cerebrovascular diseases
Chronic lower respiratory diseases (COPD)
Accidents (unintentional injuries)
Diabetes mellitus
Pneumonia and influenza
Alzheimer disease
 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis
Septicemia
Suicide
Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease
Hypertension and hypertensive renal disease
Homicide (assault)
Parkinson disease
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2
Q

Leading cause of death in children

A 
Accidents
Cancer 
Congenital anomalies
Homicide
Heart disease
Suicide 
Pneumonia and influenza
Septicemia
In situ/Benign/Unknown neoplasms
Chronic lower respiratory disease
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3
Q

Leading cancer mortality in males

A 
Lung and bronchus
Prostate
Colon and rectum
Pancreas
Leukemia 
Esophagus
Liver & intrahepatic bile ducts
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Kidney
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4
Q

Leading cancer mortality in females

A 
Lung and bronchus
Breast
Colon and rectum
Ovary 
Pancreas 
Leukemia 
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Uterine corpus
Brain & nervous system
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5
Q

What is HBV relation with HCC

A

HBV by itself (without cirrhosis) increase chance of HCC by 100%

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6
Q

Geographic differences in Breast and Prostate cancer

A

Breast cancer: United States more than Japan

Prostate cancer: African American more than Caucasian

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7
Q

What is the most common cancer in children

A

Leukemia

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8
Q

What is the most common cancer find in males 15-35y

A

Testicular cancer

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9
Q

What is the most common cancer in elderlies

A

Colorectal carcinomas

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10
Q

What cancers are predisposed by Neurofibromatosis

A

Meningiomas

Pheochromocytomas

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11
Q

What cancer is predisposed by Prenicious anemia

A

Gastric cancer

Chronic atrophic gastritis: ↑Macrophages> ↑Mitogenic molecules

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12
Q

Generally carcinogens divide into what categories

A

Initiators: Direct-acting, Indirect-acting(procarcinogens)
Promotors: Cause cellular proliferation

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13
Q

Which cancer associated with Nitrosamines

A

Gastric cancer > Pickled vegetables

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14
Q

Which cancer associated with Cigarette smoke

A

multiple malignancies > 60 carcinogens

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15
Q

Which cancer associated with Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons

A

bronchogenic carcinoma > benzopyrene in cigarette smoke

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16
Q

Which cancer associated with Asbestos

A

bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma

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17
Q

Which cancer associated with Chromium and nickel

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

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18
Q

Which cancer associated with Arsenic

A

squamous cell carcinomas of skin and lung, Angiosarcoma of liver

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19
Q

Which cancer associated with Vinyl chloride

A

Angiosarcoma of liver

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20
Q

Which cancer associated with Aromatic amines and azo dyes

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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21
Q

Which cancer associated with Alkalating agents

A

leukemia, lymphoma, other cancers

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22
Q

Which cancer associated with Benezene

A

leukemia

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23
Q

Which cancer associated with Napthylamine

A

bladder cancer

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24
Q

What diseases are related to defect in DNA repair

pattern of inheritance

A

Xeroderma pimentosum: Autosomal recessive

Hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer

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25
Effects of Ultraviolet radiation | which radiation is damaging
UVB sunlight is the most carcinogenic | Produces pyrimidine dimers in DNA leading to transcriptional errors and mutations of onogenes and tumor suppressor genes
26
Effects of Ionizing radiation | What Phases they involve
Causes cross-linking and chain breaks in nucleic acids | Mitosis or the G2 phase
27
what cancers are prevalent in Atomic bomb survivors and | Uranium miners
leukemias, thyroid cancer, other cancers | lung cancer
28
name Oncogenic viruses
RNA: HTLV-l causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma DNA: Hepatitis B virus EBV, HPV Types 16, 18, 31, 33 HHV8 causes Kaposi sarcoma
29
What malignancies associated with Epstein-Barr virus
Burkitt lymphoma, B-cell lymphomas in immunsuppressed patients, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
30
What is the mechanism of HPV virus to produce malignancies
Elongation factors E6: binds to p53 which prevent mutated cell to enter cycle E7: binds to Rb gene which regulates growth arrest
31
How does oncogenes produced
Oncogenes are derived from proto-oncogenes by a change in the gene sequence, resulting in a new gene product (oncoprotein) Loss of gene regulation resulting in overexpression
32
What are mechanisms of oncogene activation
Point mutations Chromosomal translocations Gene amplification Insertional mutagenesis
33
Name some Growth factors oncogenes
hst-1 and int-2: Cancer of the stomach, breast, bladder, and melanoma sis: Astrocytoma
34
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from hst-1 and int-2 Oncogene
Cancer of the stomach, breast, bladder, and melanoma Fibroblast growth factor Overexpression
35
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from sis Oncogene
Astrocytoma Platelet-derived growth factor Overexpression
36
Name some Growth factor receptors oncogenes
erb-B1: SCC of lung erb-B2 (HER-2): Breast, ovary, lung erb-B3: Breast ret: MEN II & III, thyroid (medullary) cancer
37
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from erb-B1 Oncogene
SCC of lung Epidermal growth factor receptor Overexpression
38
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from erb-B2 Oncogene
HER2: Breast, ovary, lung Epidermal growth factor receptor Amplification
39
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from erb-B3 Oncogene
Breast Epidermal growth factor receptor Overexpression
40
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from ret Oncogene
MEN II & III, thyroid (medullary) cancer familial Glial neurotrophic factor receptor Point mutation
41
Name some Signal Transduction Proteins oncogenes
``` abl: CML,ALL Ki-ras: Lung, pancreas, and colon c-myc: Burkitt lymphoma L-myc: Small cell lung carcinoma N-myc: Neuroblastoma ```
42
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from abl Oncogene
CML,ALL bcr-abl fusion protein with tyrosine kinase activity Translocation t(9;22)
43
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from Ki-ras Oncogene
Lung, pancreas, and colon GTP binding protein Point mutation
44
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from c-myc Oncogene
Burkitt lymphoma Nuclear regulatory protein Translocation t(8;14)
45
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from L-myc Oncogene
Small cell lung carcinoma Nuclear regulatory protein Amplification
46
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from N-myc Oncogene
Neuroblastoma Nuclear regulatory protein Amplification
47
Name some Cell cycle regulatory proteins oncogenes
bcl-1: Mantle cell lymphoma | CDK4: Melanoma, GBM
48
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from bcl-1 Oncogene
Mantle cell lymphoma Cyclin D protein Translocation t(11;14)
49
What are the Tumor, Gene Product, Mechanism of Activation derived from CDK4 Oncogene
Melanoma, GBM Cyclin dependent kinase Amplification
50
Which tumors and chromosomes are related with tumor suppressor gene VHL
3p25 | von Hippel-Lindau disease, renal cell carcinoma
51
Which tumors and chromosomes are related with tumor suppressor gene WT-1
11p13 | Wilm tumor
52
Which tumors and chromosomes are related with tumor suppressor gene WT-2
11p15 | Wilm tumor
53
Which tumors and chromosomes are related with tumor suppressor gene Rb What is familital retinoblastoma
13q14 Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma Rb prevents the cell from entering S-phase until the appropriate growth signals are present Germ-line mutation of Rb on chromosome 13 > higher rates of those malignancies
54
Which tumors and chromosomes are related with tumor suppressor gene P53 what syndrome does it cause in case of inheritance
17q13 Lung, breast, colon, etc p53 prevents a cell with damaged DNA from entering S-phase Li-Fraumini syndrome: Germ-line mutation of p53 on chromosome 17, High rate of many types of tumors
55
Which tumors and chromosomes are related with tumor suppressor gene BRCA-1
17q12-21 | Hereditary breast and ovary cancer
56
Which tumors and chromosomes are related with tumor suppressor gene BRCA-2
13q12-13 | Hereditary breast cancer
57
Which tumors and chromosomes are related with tumor suppressor gene APC
5q21 | Adenomatous polyps and colon cancer
58
Which tumors and chromosomes are related with tumor suppressor gene DCC
18q21 | Colon cancer
59
Which tumors and chromosomes are related with tumor suppressor gene NF-1
17q11.2 | Neurofibromas
60
Which tumors and chromosomes are related with tumor suppressor gene NF-2
22q12 | Acoustic neuromas, meningiomas
61
What is the mechanism of action of NF family as tumor suppressors
Suppress transduction of cell signals by binding to GTP binding protein or RAS proto-oncogenes
62
name some gene that work in Regulation of apoptosis
bcl-2 bax, bad, bcl-xS, bid c-myc
63
What cancer is produced by bcl-2 gen and what is the mechanism
Overexpressed in follicular lymphomas t(14:18) • Chromosome 14: immunoglobulin heavy chain gene • Chromosome 18: bcl-2
64
How does c-my control apoptosis
Promotes cellular proliferation When associated with p53 leads to apoptosis When associated with bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis
65
how does p53 promotes apoptosis
p53 Promotes apoptosis in mutated cells by stimulating bax synthesis
66
Gross and microscopic features of benign tumors
Small size Slow growing Encapsulated or well-demarcated borders Expansile growth with well-circumscribed borders Tend to be well differentiated Resemble the normal tissue counterpart from which they arise Noninvasive and never metastasize
67
Gross and microscopic features of malignant tumors
Larger in size Rapid growth Necrosis and hemorrhage are commonly seen Poorly demarcated Vary from well to poorly (anaplastic)differentiated Tumor cells vary in size and shape (pleomorphism) Increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios > aneuploidy Nuclear hyperchromasia and prominent nucleoli High mitotic activity with abnormal mitotic figures Invasive growth pattern Has potential to metastasize
68
How can we diagnose a cancer
``` Histologic diagnosis Complete excision Biopsy Fine needle aspiration Cytologic smears (Pap smear) ```
69
what monoclnal antibody can we use to recognize thyroid cancers
Thyroglobulin
70
what monoclnal antibody can we use to recognize melanoma
S100 | 100% soluble in persulfate
71
what monoclnal antibody can we use to recognize neural tumors
S100 | 100% soluble in persulfate
72
what monoclnal antibody can we use to recognize smooth and skeletal muscle
Actin | Intermediate filaments: Desmin
73
what monoclnal antibody can we use to recognize lymphomas/leukemias
CD markers
74
what monoclnal antibody can we use to recognize breast cancer
Estrogen receptors
75
what monoclnal antibody can we use to recognize Epithelial cell Carcinomas
Intermediate filaments: Keratin
76
what monoclnal antibody can we use to recognize Mesenchymal cell Sarcomas
Intermediate filaments: Vimentin
77
what monoclnal antibody can we use to recognize Pheochromocytoma
Intermediate filaments: Neurofilament
78
what monoclnal antibody can we use to recognize Neuroblastoma
Intermediate filaments: Neurofilament
79
what monoclnal antibody can we use to recognize Astrocytomas
Intermediate filaments: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
80
what monoclnal antibody can we use to recognize Ependymomas
Intermediate filaments: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
81
In which tumors levels of Alpha fetoprotein will rise
HCC, nonseminomatous testicular germ-cell tumors > Yolc sac
82
In which tumors levels of Beta human chorionic gonadotropin will rise
Trophoblastic tumors, choriocarcinoma
83
In which tumors levels of Calcitonin will rise
medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
84
In which tumors levels of Carcinoembryonic antigen will rise | in which normal conditions
carcinomas of the lung, pancreas, stomach, breast, and colon | Emphysema, Gastritis, Smoking, ulcerative colitis
85
In which tumors levels of CA-125 will rise | in which normal conditions
ovarian cancer | Tuboovarian abscess, Endometriosis
86
In which tumors levels of CA19-9 will rise | in which normal conditions
pancreatic cancer | Pancreatitis
87
In which tumors levels of Placental alkaline phosphatase will rise
seminoma
88
In which tumors levels of PSA will rise | in which normal conditions
prostate cancer | Prostitis, BPH, prostate infarction
89
What is grading and what is staging in tumors
Grade: Histologic estimate: Degree of differentiation, Number of mitosis Stage: TNM
90
Which well differentiated Tumor is very aggressive and metastasize pretty soon
Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
91
which tumors use lymphatic spread as initial route of spreading
Epithelial carcinomas
92
which tumors use Hematogenous spread as initial route of spreading
``` Most sarcomas Renal cell carcinoma Hepatocellular carcinoma. Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid Choriocarcinoma ```
93
which tumors use Seeding spread as initial route of spreading
Ovarian carcinoma
94
which tumors can be Transplanted via mechanical manipulation (e.g., surgical incision, needle tracts)
Although Very rare | May be seen in osteogenic sarcoma

01 Pathology (2 decks)

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