9) Sexual ethics Flashcards
(43 cards)
1
Q
What is a civil partnership?
Sexual ethics
A
That same-sex marriages are protected by laws
2
Q
What is Sigmund Freud’s view on sexual ethics?
Sexual ethics
A
he argues that human sexuality is a defining feature of our personalities
3
Q
What are the main ethical questions on sexual ethics?
Sexual ethics
A
- What are the ethical issues raised by sex before marriage?
- Are heterosexual relationships the only moral sexual relationships?
4
Q
What has contributed to the change in social norms?
Sexual ethics
A
- secularism
- shifting away from traditional values
5
Q
What does Christianity teach about sexual ethics?
Sexual ethics
A
- Adultery is prohibited
- Paul raises concern on fornication ( sex with people who are not married)
- Issues on homosexuality
6
Q
What is premarital sex?
premarital sex
A
sex before marriage
7
Q
Reasons for the increase of premarital sex?
premarital sex
A
- the contraceptive pill as it removes fear of unwanted children
- cohabitation
8
Q
What is the betrothal ceremony?
premarital sex
A
In Anglo-saxan England, spouses pledged themselves to one another in this ceremony
9
Q
What are the implications of betrothal ceremonies?
premarital sex
A
- women would become pregnant before marriage and be abandoned
- many men wanted their children to be known to be their own so prioritised virginity in women
10
Q
What is the Christian teaching on sex before marriage?
premarital sex
A
“A man… is united to his wife, and they become one flesh” (Genesis)
This emphasises the spiritual, emotional, social and sexual purpose of marriage
11
Q
What is the Church of England’s view on cohabitation and premarital sex?
premarital sex
A
That cohabitation is a step along the way towards a fuller and more complete commitment, which premarital sex may end up taking place
12
Q
What is extramarital sex?
extramarital sex
A
- adultery
- sex with someone who is married and someone who is not their spouse
13
Q
What is the catholic church’s view on divorce?
sexual ethics
A
- forbids divorce if the married couple had sex
- annulment: that the marriage was not valid to begin with
14
Q
What is natural law’s view on premarital sex?
premarital sex
A
- Goes against people reaching their telos
- Goes against the primary precept of reproduction, as premarital sex often involves contraception
- Goes against the primary precept “to live in an ordered society” as children would be raised outside of the safe structure of marriage
- Goes against the second tier of law , divine law ( The law of God stated in the Bible) , “the two shall become one flesh”, the Bible clearly says that marriage is the only acceptable place for sex
15
Q
counter-arguments to natural law’s view on premarital sex?
premarital sex
A
- Sex is also for loving and uniting
- partners may be infertile
- children can still flourish in society with unmarried parents, even with single parents
16
Q
What is situation ethics’ view on premarital sex?
premarital sex
A
- Person centred approach and applies agape to each situation
- Love above all
17
Q
counter-arguments to situation ethics’ view on premarital sex?
premarital sex
A
- ignoring all laws in the name of love could lead to grooming or underraged sex
- can lead to unhealthy sex and relationships
18
Q
What is Kantian ethics’ view on premarital sex?
premarital sex
A
- duty to avoid lustful thoughts
- believes it is wrong to act upon emotions in this case
- people must be treated as ends themselves and not a means to it, so not a solution to pleasure
- some people may argue that if the sex is dignified, and can be made universal then it is okay
19
Q
counter-arguments to kantian ethics’ view on premarital sex?
premarital sex
A
- ignores everyone’s interest and doesn’t treat them equally
- doesn’t take into account modern relationships and their complexities
- rules out human emotion which is natural
20
Q
What is ulititarianism’s view on premarital sex?
premarital sex
A
- To carry out the principle of utility which is doing the greatest good for the greatest number
- John Stuart Mill believes that sex is a low pleasure
- Act utilitarians will measure the value of pleasure using the hedonic calculus
- Rule utilitarianism will use previous experience to make a decision
21
Q
counter-arguments to uitilitarianism’s view on premarital sex?
premarital sex
A
- Utilitarianism may justify actions solely based on pleasure or happiness, but this fails to account for the moral integrity of individuals, such as maintaining values around commitment, respect, and long-term relationships.
22
Q
What is natural law’s view on extramarital sex?
extramarital sex
A
- considered morally wrong as it doesn’t promote reproduction
- doesn’t preserve marriage
- divine law should be applied, In the Bible “ Do not commit adultery”
23
Q
What is situation ethics’ view on extramarital sex?
extramarital sex
A
*application of agape
* most loving thing to have people perform extramarital sex
* Personalism , but only allowed in the most extreme cases
24
Q
What is Kantian ethics’ view on extramarital sex?
extramarital sex
A
- duty for duty sake
- we should not act on lust
- moral guideline
- categorical imperitave: our actions should be able to be turned into universal laws, extramarital sex would lead to chaos
25
What is Utilitarianism's view on extramarital sex?
| extramarital sex
* principle of utility, greatest good for the greatest number
* Assess whether it increases happiness for everyone involved
* Act utility: the hedonic calculus can be impractical in calculating the pleasure from this case, affair will lead to long-term harm
* Rule utility: would assess using prior experiences, and decide that it is wrong to commit adultery
26
What is homosexuality?
| homosexuality
Homosexuality refers to attraction between people who are the same sex
27
What recommendations did the Wolfenden report make in 1957?
| homosexuality
* Decriminalisation of Homosexuality in Private Between Consenting Adults
* No Criminal Liability for Homosexual Acts in Private
* Prostitution Laws – Brothel Keeping and Soliciting
* Regulation of Public Solicitation
* The Legal Treatment of Prostitutes
28
What was the significance of March 29th 2014?
| homosexuality
March 29th, 2014, is significant in relation to homosexuality because it marks the date when the first same-sex marriage was celebrated in England and Wales under the Marriage (Same-Sex Couples) Act 2013. This act, passed in July 2013, allowed same-sex couples to legally marry, and the first same-sex marriages took place in England and Wales on March 29, 2014.
29
What happened at a gay bar in Soho in 1990?
| homosexuality
On April 30, 1990, a nail bomb exploded at The Admiral Duncan, a gay bar in Soho, London. The attack killed three people and injured around 70 others. It was part of a series of attacks targeting LGBTQ+ venues. The bomber, David Copeland, was later convicted of the bombing, motivated by extreme right-wing views and hatred towards the LGBTQ+ community.
30
What quotes in the Bible suggest refraining from homosexuality?
| homosexuality
"Do not lie with a man as one lies with a woman"
"Be fruitful and multiply"
* reproduce, two men , two women cannot
31
Why does God destroy the city of Sodom?
| homosexuality
The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in Genesis is presented as a divine response to the cities' overwhelming moral corruption, including violence, sexual immorality, and social injustice. God destroys the cities with fire and brimstone, sparing only Lot and his family.
32
What quotes in the Bible can be interpreted to allow homosexuality? Or fight against the injustice against it?
| homosexuality
"love thy neighbour"
"made in the image of God"
33
What did Gareth Moore suggest?
| homosexuality
That there is a Christian basis for an inclusive attitude towards homosexuality as it is a religion that positively seeks a world which supports the marginalised in soceity
34
What is Natural Law's view on homosexuality?
| homosexuality
* Divine law, states in the Bible to not " lie with a man as one lies with a woman"
* Apparent goods, homosexuality has been mistaken for good
* precept of reproduction isn't being followed, same sex couple can't make offspring
* homosexuality in itself is unnatural
35
what are some counter's for Natural Law's view on homosexuality
| homosexuality
* sexual relationships can bring unity and pleasure
* Natural Law is outdated as it is possible for gay couple to have children
36
What is situation ethics' view on homosexuality?
| homosexuality
* Agape, love is encouraged and should be the main focus
* Personalism , the people should be at the centre of the situation
* Relativism, keeps it relative to love, focuses on doing the most loving thing in the situation
* Pragmatism, homosexuality can be practical in uniting people
37
What are some counters of situation ethics' view on homosexuality?
| homosexuality
* anything can be justified based on subjective circumstances, undermining objective moral standards
* "Cheap Grace" Concern: Critics believe that situation ethics may lead to "cheap grace," where individuals justify actions contrary to traditional Christian teachings by citing love, without true commitment to moral standards
38
What is utilitarianisms view on homosexuality?
| homosexuality
* principle of utility, greatest good for the greatest number
* homosexual relationships are treated the same as heterosexual relationships in some societies but not in others
* depends on the context
* Act utilit, the hedonic calculus is used to calculate if an action creates more pleasure than pain
* Rule utility, prior experiences are used to make the decision, still based on the greatest good for the greatest number
39
what are some counters on utilitarianism's view on homosexuality?
| homosexuality
* Utilitarianism focuses on consequences, and in doing so, it might justify actions that violate moral principles if they lead to a greater overall happiness.
* utilitarianism doesn't provide a definite answer on homosexuality's approval
40
what is kantian ethics' view on homosexuality?
| homosexuality
* Kants categorical imperative first formula, Kant dissaproved of homosexuality as , it cannot be universalised as the human race would die out
* Kant beleieves we should follow our duty and do what is morally right rather than being influenced by emotion
* Kant saw homosexuality as lustful thoughts
41
What are some counters on Kantian ethics' view on homosexuality?
| homosexuality
* Kants categorical imperative second formula the requirement to treat people as ends in themselves, should allow gay people to freely express themselves
* Kant's exclusion of human thoughts doesn't work in today's society
42
Religion as a negative force with no continuing role in sexual ethics?
| sexual ethics
* persecution of minorities will continue to exists if traditional values lead societies
* attitudes on the role of women are outdated
43
Religion as a positive force that has a continuing role in sexual ethics?
| sexual ethics
* many criticisms of religion end up being culture and not religion
* Christianity in the past provided stability, nuclear families
* Religion provides a moral ethical framework for society
