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PSYC 241 > 9: stereotypes and discrimination > Flashcards

9: stereotypes and discrimination Flashcards

1
Q

what is intergroup bias

A

tendency to see ones own group more favorably that another group (outgroup)

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2
Q

what are stereotypes

A

general beliefs that link a group of people with certain characteristics/behavioral traits

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3
Q

what is prejudice

A

negative attitudes towards a certain group and its members

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4
Q

what is discrimination

A

behavior that is in favor or against an individual based on their group membership

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5
Q

explain blatant and subtle intergroup bias

A

blatant is more obvious intergroup bias
- subtle is less obvious and more prominent in society due to increasing social norms.

  • subtle intergroup bias becomes more blatant in situations that are deemed appropriate
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6
Q

what is aversive racism

A

avoidance of interaction with other racial/ethnic groups perceived as negative
- form of subtle racism

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7
Q

what is implicit bias

A

unconscious stereotyping and prejudice–> performed without awareness

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8
Q

what are tools used to measure implicit bias

A
  • implicit association task (IAT)
  • evaluative priming
  • Go/No go association test (GNAT)
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9
Q

what is go/no go association test

A

task to measure implicit bias
measures the extent with a person can suppress and implicit thought.

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10
Q

what is implicit association task

A

task to measure implicit biases
measures subconscious associations with objects or ideas.
i.e.) black with bad, white with good

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11
Q

implicit attitudes and stereotypes can predict ___

A

behaviors

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12
Q

what are neuroscientific measures of implicit biases

A

ERP and fMRI
- measures sense of threat an individual feels from and outgroup

ERP–> measures brain activity in response to stimuli of senses

fMRI–> measures blood volume/flow in brain to give idea of brain activity

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13
Q

describe the stereotype content model

A

stereotypes compressed in definitions of warmth and competence

  • low competence; high warmth = pity
  • low competence; low warmth = disgust
  • high competence; low warmth = envy
  • high competence; high warmth = pride
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14
Q

what is sexism

A

a gender stereotype that is descriptive but also prescriptive (tell people how they should act/what they should do)

a prescriptive and descriptive gender stereotype
- tells people how they should act and look

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15
Q

what are the gender stereotypes of men and women using the stereotype content model

A

men: high competence; low warmth = envy
women: low competence; high warmth = pity

note: these vary across cultures

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16
Q

what is social role theory

A

stereotypes arise from roles and behaviors established by societal pressures on a particular group
- relies on culture and society

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17
Q

what are the influences that support social role theory

A
  1. biological and social influences divide labour of social roles
  2. people behave in ways that fit the roles they play which continuously establish and reinforce social roles
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18
Q

what does violation of gender stereotypes lead to

A

social and economic backlash

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19
Q

explain the biases towards homosexuals

A

attitudes towards homosexuality differ across cultures

  • Christian attitudes show strong prejudice towards homosexuality
  • individuals 40% less likely to be interviewed for work if associated with homosexuality’s
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20
Q

when was homosexuality removed from the list of mental disorders

A

1973

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21
Q

explain biases towards handicapped people

A

afflicted individuals are a target for harm and are often subject to harmful labels

note: attitudes towards disability differ across cultures

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22
Q

explain bias towards obese people

A

more negative attitudes towards obese, particularly obese women
social norms have made such attitudes internalized

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23
Q

how do economic perspectives affect intergroup bias

A

intergroup bias increases as a result of competition for limited resources.

cause of scapegoating (displacement of aggression to visibly unliked groups)

example: low employment blamed on immigrants taking jobs

24
Q

what is the realistic conflict theory

A

phenomenon that competition for scarce resources between groups breed prejudice, stereotypes, and hostility

25
Q

how do motivational perspectives affect intergroup bias

A

minimal group paradigm:
researchers create groups based on arbitrary criteria and then examine how members of these minimal groups behave towards each other

26
Q

what is social identity theory

A

self concept and self esteem comes from our personal achievements and the achievements of our ingroup

27
Q

what is system justification

A

attempts to explain why members of disadvantaged groups may become accepting of their disadvantaged position

28
Q

what is uncertainty reduction theory

A

theory that individual must gain information on an individual through communication to later better predict their intentions and behaviors

29
Q

how do cognitive perspectives affect intergroup bias

A

intergroup biases forming as a result of how our brains process information on people
- may differ across people

30
Q

what is social categorization

A

process of categorizing oneself and others into groups to simplify perception and apply structure to society

31
Q

biologists and anthropologists find more genetic variation ____ a race than ____ a race.
how does this contrast socially

A

within; between

socially, race is seen as a biological distinction

32
Q

what increases the usage of stereotypes

A

cognitive loads or low mental energy (ego depletion)
- stereotypes play a role like heuristics

33
Q

what is outgroup homogeneity effect

A

tendency to assume that there is a greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups

34
Q

what causes outgroup homogeneity effect

A
  • high use of social categorization
  • more contact with ingroup than outgroup so lack of understanding of divergent opinions etc.
  • ingroup members aren’t treated as members of a whole
35
Q

what is biased information processing

A

stereotypes influence how we communicate, process information, and interpret events

36
Q

how do stereotypes influence self fulfilling prophecies

A

stereotypes may lead us to act towards outgroup members in way that encourage the very behavior we expect

37
Q

what is subtyping

A

members of a group who don’t wholly fit the stereotype are seen as exceptions and placed in a sub category
- subject to more scrutiny

38
Q

what is social dominance orientation

A

trait that measures ones support for social hierarchy and the extent to which they want their ingroup to be superior to outgroups

39
Q

what is right wing authoritarianism (RWA)

A

extent to which one values authoritarian aggression and submission
- favor those who obey, prejudice to those who are deviant

40
Q

what are the motivations that control prejudice

A

1) external motivations: motivations to prevent from one appearing prejudiced to others

2) internal motivations: motivations in which people truly think prejudice is wrong

41
Q

what explains individual differences in personality and behavior (discrimination)

A

neuroanatomy
- differences in brain structure/function explain individual differences in personality and behavior

42
Q

what is intergroup discrimination associated with

A
  • temporal parietal junction (TPJ)
  • dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC)

mediated by mentalizing and empathy (governs neuroanatomical differences)

43
Q

more white matter integrity and connections with TPJ and DMPFC predicts

A

reduced intergroup bias

44
Q

how does culture influence effect intergroup bias

A

socialization (the process by which people learn the norms, rules, and information of a culture or group)
- influenced by media and socialization

45
Q

what do members of stigmitised groups experience

A

suffer setbacks in health, wealth, employment, and more
- more aware of the biases that others hold against them than those who are setting those biases

46
Q

why do stigmatized groups suffer negative health outcomes

A

1) perceived discrimination can influence mental and physical health (can be subtle or blatant)

2) exclusion and marginalization can influence mental and physical health (can be subtle or blatant)

47
Q

what is attributional ambiguity, how does it impact stigmatized groups

A

groups often struggle to attribute the experiences they have
- individuals don’t know if they are treated due to biases or due to their own being

  • attribution to bias protects self esteem, but can backfire
    groups may miss opportunities to better themselves or may feel like they have less control to their lives
48
Q

what is stereotype threat

A

fear of being evaluated or confirming negative stereotypes of ones group
- can wrongly impact performance and can cause disidentification with the domain

49
Q

what causes susceptibility to stereotype threat

A

when stereotype is made evident before experience

ie) women did worse on tests when stereotypical gender differences were revealed. but did just as well as men when gender differences were not revealed

ie) white students did worse on math when asian student proficiency at math was made evident vs when not

50
Q

why does stereotype threat influence performance

A

1) triggering physiological arousal (anxious)

2) getting individuals to suppress thoughts of stereotype which drain cognitive resources (cognitively tired)

3) impairs working memory

4) can facilitate negative thoughts and avoidance of failure as opposed to achieving success

51
Q

how can stereotype threat be alleviated

A

1) engaging in self affirmation may reduce race/gender gap

2) when individuals are informed that their stereotypes do not apply to the particular context that they are in

3) exposing target individuals to positive role models in heir ingroup

4) reminding individuals of other categories to which one belongs so that they associate themselves with positive stereotypes

52
Q

why is it challenging to reduce prejudice

A

most peoples prejudice is implicit, so to reduce it it would challenge values and beliefs that are established

53
Q

how do dual processes view of prejudice control it

A

system 1 (experiential): stereotypes/biased attitudes are brought to mind automatically through a reflexive process

system 2 (rational): people employ reflexive processes to regulate/control degree to which these thoughts and behavior influence behavior and judgement

54
Q

what are limitations to people controlling their biases

A
  • impaired when judgement of others are made when a person is aroused or upset
  • difficult when judgement occurs under pressed time or distracted
  • ego depletion: exerting control in ones context makes it more difficult to do so in another
55
Q

what is the contact hypothesis

A

suggests that contact with intergroups in a positive environment can reduce prejudice between majority and minority groups

PSYC 241 (5 decks)

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