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Ecology > 9 to 18 > Flashcards

9 to 18 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals that live in a particular area and interact with another

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2
Q

population size

A

number of individuals in the population

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3
Q

relative population size

A

number of individuals in one time interval or place relative to the number in another

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4
Q

absolute population size

A

actual # of individuals in the population

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5
Q

Distribution

A

Geographic area where individuals of species are present

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6
Q

Abundance

A

the number of a species or population

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7
Q

Methods to measure abundance of individuals within a species/population

A

area based count, distance methods, and mark-recapture

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8
Q

Area based count

A

Dividing an area into quadrants, measuring average of individuals of quadrants, multiply by total area to get total individuals in an area

draback: doesn’t work for organisms that move/ are hard to detect

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9
Q

Distance methods

A

use of a line transect to measure distance from a line to a species

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10
Q

Mark recapture

A

capture mark and release individuals from total population

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11
Q

Mark recapture assumptions

A
  1. population size doesn’t change 2. each individual has equal likelihood of being captured 3. no harm to indiivduals 4. marks not lost
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12
Q

regular dispersion

A

evenly spaced

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13
Q

random dispersion

A

no pattern
ex: dandolions

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14
Q

clumped dispersion

A

in groupings
ex: wolves

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15
Q

Describe the relationship between populations, metapopulations, and geographic ranges for species

A

geographic ranges made up of 1/more metapopulations. Metapopulations made up of multiple populations

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16
Q

Metapopulations:

A

isolated populations linked together by dispersal

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17
Q

source metapopulation

A

more individuals leaving population than coming in

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18
Q

sink metapopulation

A

more individuals coming in vs. leaving

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19
Q

immigration

A

movement into existing population

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20
Q

emigration

A

movement out of an existing population

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21
Q

What are limiting factors of species distribution & abundance?

A

Habitat suitability, historical factors, and dispersal

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22
Q

Habitat suitability & abudance

A

abiotic factors: temp, soil, pH, water, nutrient availability
biotic: species are dependent on others
interactions of biotic and abiotic
disturbance

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23
Q

historical factors & abundance

A

evolutionary geological history influenced ranges of ancestors (bc we were once just pangea)

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24
Q

dispersal & abundance

A

movement of organisms from thier birthplace can result in new habitats and expansion of ranges

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25
population dynamics
changes in population over time
26
population growth
increase in population abundance
27
exponential population growth
change in population of a species with continuous reproduction of constant proportion at each time
28
logistical population growth
change in size of population that is rapid at first but then levels off neary carrying capacity
29
carrying capacity
max population size an enviornment can support
30
population fluctuations
population size rises and falls over time
31
outbreak
extremely rapid increase in number of individuals in a population
32
regular population cycles
population fluctuations in which alternating periods of high & low abundance occur after nearly constant intervals of time
33
What are population fluctuations and regular population cycles caused by
changes in food supply, predator abundance, and delayed density dependence
34
delayed density dependence
delays in the effect of population density on population size that can contribute to population fluctuations
35
Describe how population fluctuations increase extinction risk
fluctations slow population growth rate If variation in population grwoth rate is high, extinction risk is higher
36
Describe how small population size increases extinction risk
less # of breeding pairs (smaller effective population size); also more susceptible to inbreeding depression, genetic drift, demographic stochasticity, and environmental stochasticity
37
effective population size
of individuals in a population that can contribute offspring to next generation
38
How do genetic factors contribute to extinction risk
genetic drift can result in unfavorable traits inbreeding can result in recessive deleterious allele
39
demographic stochasticity
fluctuations in opoulation size as a result of chance differences among individuals in reproduction and survival
40
Allee effects
a decrease in population growth rate as population density decreases - increases difficulty to find mates
41
Environmental stochasticity
erratic or unpredictable changes in env (from natural catastrophe)
42
Demographic vs. environmental stoch.
demographic: average birth/death rates are the same; only some individuals affected env: average birth/death rates change; all individuals impacted
43
geometric population growth
organisms reproduce in synchrony at discrete periods of time (J-shaped set of points)
44
exponential growth
organisms reproduce continuously over time (J continuous shape)
45
geometric growth formulas
population size after t gen/ t periods = growth rate ^ t (initial populaiton size) Population size after t+ 1= growth rate (population size after t)
46
exponential growth formulas
rate of change = exponential growth rate times current population population size at time t = (e^rate times t )(initial population size)
47
density independence
population growth rates are NOT a function of density - birth and death rates indepednent
48
density independent factors
weather, climate, catastrophes, pollution
49
density dependence
population growth changes as population density changes
50
density dependent factors
competition, predation, disease, weather
51
population regulation
a pattern of population growth in whihc one or more density-dependent factors increase population size when numbers are low nad decrease population size when numbers are high
52
logistic population growth formula
two formulas: dn/dt = rate (population density( 1-n/carrying capacity) long one that i'm not memorizing
53
competition
a non-trophic interaction in which individuals of the same species (intraspecific) or different species (interspecific) are harmed by their use of resource that limits their ability to grow, reproduce, or survive (-/- relationship)
54
fundamental niche
full set of resources suitable for a species
55
realized niche
part of a fundamental niche that a species occupies as a result of species interactions
56
Differentiate between exploitation and interference competition
exploitation: an interaction in which species compete indirectly through their mutual effects on the availability of a shared resource interference: an interaction where species compete directly by performing antagonistic actions that interfere with the ability of their competitor to use a resource that both require
57
competitive exclusion principle
the principle that two species that use a limiting resource in the same way cannot coexist indefinitely
58
competitive coexistence
the ability of two or more species to coexist with one another despite competing for the same limiting resources
59
how do competitive exclusion and competitive coexistence differ
competitive coexistence is using same limited resource in diff way & exclusion is using the same way
60
What other factors can alter outcome of competition?
species interactions, physical environment, and disturbance
61
predation
a trophic interaction in which an individual of one species (predator) consumes individuals of its prey (+/- relationship)
62
Carnivory
animal predator and prey
63
Herbivory
animals predator and plant/algae prey
64
Parasitism
parasite predator, host prey
65
Explain why carnivores tend to be diet generalists and herbivores tend to be diet specialists
Carnivores tend to be diet gene; Hebivores have narrow observations because their plants are easier to acquire with less mobility but plants have stronger cell walls
66
Predator adaptations
Pursuit, Ambush, acceleration speed, moving fast to catch prey Jaw flexibility, Weapons & venom
67
Herbivore adaptations
Digestive enzymes Structural advantages (ex; height) Behavioral modifications
68
Prey adaptations
Crypsis: blending into the environment Large body size: will detract predators Speed: be faster than predators Armor: Poison & aposematic coloration (bright colors signal toxicity) Mimicry: look like something that is very poisonous
69
plant adaptations
masting, compensation, structural defenses, chemical defenses
70
crypsis
blending into the environment; example of a prey adaptation
71
Describe how carnivores and herbivores can alter communities
Predation impacts the sampling of nutrients trophic cascades can occut
72
ectoparasite
parasite that lives on the surface of another organism
73
endoparasite
parasite that lives inside the body of its host organism
74
ectoparasite advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: easier dispersal and protected from host immune system Disadvantages: exposed to external environment, vulnerable to natural enemies, more difficult to feed
75
endoparasites advantages & disadvantages
Advantages: easier to feed & protected from the external environment Disadvantages: more difficult disperal & vulnerable to host immune system
76
Host defenses
Immune system Biochemical warfare (ex: berries) Defesnsive symbionts: live inside the host to fight against its natural pathogens Encapsulation: host insects may form capsule around pasitoid egg/larva
77
parasite counter-defenses ???
Counter-defeneses against encapsulation ( Hundreds of genes
78
Describe how parasites can affect species interactions & community structure.
Altered competitive interactions Altered predator-prey dynamics Altered species composition Altered habits Mud islands vs. no mud islands

Ecology (3 decks)

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