Definitions - Cell Injury and Adaptations Flashcards
Cellular Adaptations
Alterations in response to severe physiological stress and some pathologic stimuli
Hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells in an organ/tissue and mass of an organ/tissue
Hypertrophy
increase in the size of individual cells in an organ/tissue and mass of an organ/tissue
Atrophy
decrease in the size and function of cells in a tissue/organ; shrinkage of cells
Metaplasia
change in cells from one type to another (ex. squamous to columnar)
Sub cellular adaptations
Changes in a cells metabolism when it is exposed to sub-lethal or chronic stimuli
Necrosis
spectrum of morphological changes that follow cell death in a living tissue, largely resulting from progressive degradative action of enzymes on the lethally injured cell
Dystrophic calcification
Calcification of dead/dying/degenerating cells
Metastatic calcification
calcification in viable/normal cells
Pyknosis
nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia–> sign of necrosis
Karyorrhexis
uneven DNA fragmentation in the nucleus–> sign of necrosis
Karyolysis
breakdown of DNA by DNases in the nucleus–> sign of necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
necrosis occurs with preservation of the basic outline of the necrotic cell; mechanism is protein denaturation; characteristic of ischemic cell death
Liquefactive necrosis
necrosis occurs with obscured cell outlines that are replaced by yellow pus; mechanisms are bacterial/fungal enzymatic digestion and inflammatory immune response; characterized by presence of pus
Caseous necrosis
form of coagulative necrosis where the tissue architecture is completely lost; characterized by presence of cheesy-white appearance in the area
