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Year 6 - Surgery > Capsule: Ophthal > Flashcards

Capsule: Ophthal Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the eye

A

Sclera, choroid, retina, vitreous body

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2
Q

Px of Horner’s syndrome

A

Ptosis, miosis, ipsilateral anhidrosis

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3
Q

The pupil size in Horner’s syndrome

A

Smaller

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4
Q

List two causes of Horner’s syndrome

A

Pancoast tumour & carotid artery dissection

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5
Q

List two causes of carotid artery dissection

A

Severe whiplash injuries & prolonged neck extension

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6
Q

Gold standard test to exclude carotid artery dissection

A

Angiography either MRA or CTA

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7
Q

Px of third nerve palsy

A

Ptosis, globe deviation down and out, abnormally dilated pupil (not always present)

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8
Q

Px of sixth nerve palsy

A

Dec aBduction resulting in binocular horizontal diplopia

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9
Q

Px of Holmes Adie’s pupil

A

Larger pupil on the affected side which reacts slowly to bright light

NB: no ptosis & normal accommodation reflex

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10
Q

RFs for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

A

Age, smoking, FHx

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11
Q

Px of AMD

A

Central visual loss but peripheral and night vision not affected

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12
Q

What is amblyopia?

A

Poor vision in an eye due to something preventing a clear retinal image being formed in childhood

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13
Q

Most common causes of amblyopia

A

Uncorrected hypermetropia & constant squint

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14
Q

Myopia

A

Shortsighted

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15
Q

Shortsighted

A

Myopia

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16
Q

Hypermetropia

A

Longsighted

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17
Q

Longsighted

A

Hypermetropia

18
Q

Eye changes in diabetes

A

Retinopathy & maculopathy

19
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Dot and blot haemorrhages -> cotton wool spots -> proliferative i.e. neovascularisation

20
Q

Diabetic maculopathy

A

Dot and blot haemorrhages & sometimes exudates

21
Q

What does the presence of exudates in the macular suggest?

A

Oedema

22
Q

The clinical triad of retinitis pigmentosa

A

Arteriolar attenuation, bone–spicule peripheral retinal pigmentation, waxy optic disc pallor

23
Q

Other features of retinitis pigmentosa

A

FHx, night blindness, loss of peripheral vision

24
Q

Nyctalopia

A

Night Blindness

25
Q

Night Blindness

A

Nyctalopia

26
Q

How would you formally assess tunnel vision?

A

Confrontational visual field techniques

27
Q

Ddx for poor fundal view

A

Cataracts, vitreous haemorrhage, corneal scar

28
Q

Most common cause of cataract

A

Senile i.e. age-related

29
Q

Causes of pre senile cataract

A

Steroids, uveitis, diabetes mellitus, high myopia, significant trauma

30
Q

What is cataracts a/w

A

Down’s syndrome & retinitis pigmentosa

31
Q

How does vitreous haemorrhage px

A

Sudden painless onset of floaters often obscuring vision completely within 10-20mins that usually clears over wks-mnths

32
Q

Which value is important wrt cup to disc ratio

A

If 0.6 or less probably normal & over 0.6 probably glaucoma

33
Q

Causes of swollen optic disc

A

Optic neuritis, anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy inc GCA, papilloedema, severely raised BP

34
Q

What underlying condition presents w optic neuritis?

A

Young pt w multiple sclerosis

35
Q

How to px fundoscopy findings

A

Think of colour, contour, cupping for disc and then work round the retinal periphery

36
Q

Most common cause of retinal detachment

A

Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) if the vitreous traction is enough to cause a tear

38
Q

What is PVD

A

The vitreous collapses in on itself causing flashes (stops when the vitreous finally separates from the retina) & floaters (which remain for life)

40
Q

Three types of retinal detachment

A

Rhegmatogenous (tear allowing fluid through), tractional (scar tissue), exudative

41
Q

How does retinal detachment px

A

A shadow in one eye that gradually progresses from edge of vision across the whole field

42
Q

Causes of exudative retinal detachment

A

Inflammation, cancer, Coats disease

44
Q

Tx of minor retinal detachment

A

Photocoagulation, cryopexy, retinopexy

45
Q

Tx of major retinal detachmenty

A

Scleral buckling & vitrectomy

+/- cryopexy or retinopexy

Year 6 - Surgery (27 decks)

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