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block 4 > histology - kidney, etc > Flashcards

histology - kidney, etc Flashcards

1
Q

how do systems extrinsic to the kidneys affect the kidneys? if sense BP too low <80~~

A

sympathetic NS -

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2
Q

SNS - what can it do?

A

carotid sinus - glossopharyngeal, CN 9

aortic sinus - vagus CN 10

message to brain, 2 messages can be sent -

1 - alpha 1 adrenergic receptors on afferent arterioles to CONTRACT

2 - to JG cells - to stim renin - this on beta 1 adrenergic - increases calcium in JG which stim renin production

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3
Q

What does renin do? What is it? Renin is enzyme

aldosterone (glomerulus cortex adrenal0

Angiotensin II, binds to many receptors in the body to affect several systems. It can increase blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels. It can also trigger thirst or the desire for salt. Angiotensin is responsible for the release of the pituitary gland’s anti-diuretic hormone.

A

liver producing angiotensinogen (protein) -

w/ Renin becomes angiotensin 1

from lungs ACE

becomes angiotensin II

effects adrenal to make ALDOSTERONE
(which creates absorption of sodium - hence BP up) in distal convoluted tubule

in kidney - vasoconstrictor
hence BP up

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4
Q

prox convulated tubes - brush border

microvilli

tons of mitocondria - REABSORPTION -

pinocytic vessels

Osmosis
exocytosis

microvilli - increases surface area, lateral folding and basal invaginations ALL facilitate reaborption and secretion of substances

A

microvilla - longer than distal, cuboidal, acidophilic PINK

interdigitations
tight junctions - major reabsorption

folds in lateral surface - plicae and

BASAL BORDER invagations and tons of mitrochondria - active transport - ATP

reabsorption function -

all glucose
amino acids
85% NaCL and Hx0, Po4, Ca++
protein

secretions - creatinine (from muscles)

pinocytosis - active ion trasnport NA+/K ATPase

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5
Q

glomerulus

A

really capillaries - special kind - blood runs thru, and some goes out and becomes urine or starts to become urine

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6
Q

Aquaporin 1

aquaporin-2 (AQP2), located in collecting ducts (

A

in proximal convulated tubules - 70% water, bulk of solutes

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), located in proximal tubules (PT) and descending thin limbs of Henle (DTL), and aquaporin-2 (AQP2), located in collecting ducts (CD), are channels involved in water transport across renal tubule epithelia

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7
Q

cortical portion of collecting tubules?

A

in inner and outer medulla

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8
Q

disorders of Prox conv tubules? PCT

can’t reabsorb - missing ATP

Fanconi syndrome is a rare disorder of kidney tubule function that results in excess amounts of glucose, bicarbonate, phosphates (phosphorus salts), uric acid, potassium, and certain amino acids being excreted in the urine.

A

fanconi syndrome - hereditary or acquired - fail to reabsorb because decrease in ATP - can’t use the sodium pump

cystinosis - most common cause in kids

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9
Q

cystinosis?

A

most common in kids???

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10
Q

when reaborbed thru walls - where go?

A

blood

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11
Q

loop of henle?

A

thick descending limb - simple cuboidal epith - structural similar to PCT

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12
Q

thick or thin descending lined w?

A

simple squamous epith

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13
Q

thick ascending -

A

simple cuboidal - more like distal convulated tubules DCT

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14
Q

four types of epithelial cells

type 1

not much going on

A

type 1 -
SHORT LOOP nephon
thin descending and ascending thin, simple epith - almost no interdigitations

few / no organelles

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15
Q

type 2

LONG NEPHRON - lots of organelles

Juxtamedullary nephon for types 2,3 and 4

A

thin descending LONG LOOP many small, blunt microvilli - organelles,

lateral interdig varies on species

cortical labyrinth, taller epithelium -

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16
Q

type 3

inner MEDULLA

A

thin descending INNER MEDULA, thinner epith, fewer microvilli,
lateral interdigitations absent

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17
Q

type 4

at bend of Loop

A

and entire thin ascending - flattened epith w/o microvilli, few organelles

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18
Q

type 4

at bend of Loop and up to THICK

A

and entire thin ascending - flattened epith w/o microvilli, few organelles

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19
Q

function loop henle?

reabsorb !! 15% of filtered water and 25% filters NACl, K+, Ca2+, HCO3-

A

where urine formed - hypertonic urine, water retention

thin descending p permeable to water

ascending - impermeable to water, but permeable to NA+, K+, CL-

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20
Q

distal convoluted Tubule CVT

Vascular pole

A

location - continuation of thick ascending, goes back into CORTEX - vascular pole of renal corpuscle - juxtaglmerular region
-

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21
Q

here find?

A

Macula Densa

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22
Q

DCT?

no brush border

Do have tons of mitochondria

A

simple cuboidal, smaller thatn PCT, lack brush border, few Microvilli, basal infolding are present with mitochondria

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23
Q

function of DCT

Aldosterone affects here - to reabsorb sodium and water

A

influence of aldosterone

absorb NA and Hx0

secrete K+

reabsorb bicarb ion and secretion of H+

converts ammonia to amonium

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24
Q

Addison disease? SALTY URINE

A

aldosterone deficiency - excessive loss of sodium in urine

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25
Q

PCTS vs DCTS

both reabsorb

A

adjacent to renal corpuscles

PCTs lysosomes - stain dark

DCTS - lightly stained?? which is pink?

apical domail of PCT has brush border and vesicles - DCT fewer of both

both TONS of mitrochondria

tight junctions

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26
Q

collecting tubules and ducts - empty into minor calyx

in cortex - seem tubules and ducts

A

tubules to duct

cuboidal to columnar - varies from squamous to columnar

weakly staining

few organelle

no basal striations

clear intercellular borders,

empty in to minor calyx at renal papilla

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27
Q

medullary collecting ducts - no tubules in medulla

A

(lower down) cuboidal cells and change to columnar

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28
Q

COLLECTING DUCTS -

two types of cells?

antidiuretic hormone (Light cells) - ONE CILIUM - reabsorb sodium and water and release Potassium - they have antidiuretic (antipee) hormone ADH - Aquaporin 2

antidiuretic is VASOPRESSIN

light vs dark cells

DARK - intercalated -

A

principal or light

dark or intercalated

principal single cilium, few short microvilli - small mitochondria - contain antidiuertic hormone ADH water channels AQUAPORIN 2 water channel

dark cells - small, many mito - microvilla on apilca - no basal ifolding - decrease as duct approach papilla

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29
Q

dark cells vs light

fewer mito in light cells

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), located in proximal tubules (PT) and descending thin limbs of Henle (DTL), and aquaporin-2 (AQP2), located in collecting ducts (CD), are channels involved in water transport across renal tubule epithelia.

A

secrete H+ and reabosrob K_

light cells - reabosorb NA and water and secrte K_ - primary cilium

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30
Q

aldosterone -

A

secreted from adrenal gland cortex

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31
Q

angiotensin 2

A

stim aldosterone secretion - stim epith distal convulated tubules - to reabsorb sodium -

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32
Q

hypothalmus involved to??

A

??

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33
Q

water channels in ?

A

principal or light cells

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34
Q

disorders -

polycystic kidney disease

polycystin 1 - membrane receptor -

cell to cell adhesion molecules

extensive cystic enlargement of both kidneys cysts from dilation of collecting tubules - hypertension, renal failure

A

mutation PKD1 and 2 - predominantly in cilium lining collecting tubules

PKD1 gene account for 85-90% of cases

polycystin 1 is calcium permeable channel

complete loss (need to finish notes)

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35
Q

once form cysts - block

A

blood flow, hypertension, renal failure

kidney enlarges, tons of cysts - can’t function normally

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36
Q

fuction of tubules and ducts

A

ADH vasopressin -

causes epithelium to be permeable to H2o

reabsorb H20 and aldosterone

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37
Q

medullary rays?

A

where see tubules, collecitng ducts in medulla - heading toward renal papilla, minor major calyxes, renal pelvis

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38
Q

diuretics -

promotes the increased production of urine.

stopping reaborb sodium, water

A

drugs increase output of urine - act

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39
Q

osmotic diuretics

A

inhibit reabsorb of water and solutes in PCT

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40
Q

thiazide diuretcs

A

inhibi reaborb NAcl in DCT

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41
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

block CA on luminal membrane in PCT

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42
Q

loop diuretics - furosemide, etc

A

inhibits na_/K+/2cl cotransportor on luminal membrane of thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

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43
Q

carbonic anhydrase

in PCT

decrease hydrogen formation in lumen - hence less sodium reaborbed, but becomes urine

A

block CA on luminal membrane in PCT

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44
Q

Thiazides - distal tubules - inhibit NAcl cotrasnporter

A

increase urine w/ na_ and CL

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45
Q

potatssium sparing various

A

aldosterone receptor antagonist

AMILORIDE and TRIAMTERENE - direct block of sodium Na_ channel blockers

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46
Q

Interstitial cells?

what fills in space - between all ducts -

maintenance of renal architecture and production of
erythropoetic EPOS

A

in renal cortex and medullary fibroblasts

EPO - producing fibroblasts - stimulator to make RBCs major growth factor for RBCs

blood oscygen down? RBCS made EPO fires it up

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47
Q

renal medullary fibroblast - like cells

A

contain actin - may secrete prostaglandins and may regulate papillary blood flow

participate in interstitial pephritis - tubulo ?? disease

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48
Q

excretory pathway

UROTHELIUM

A

minor, major calyces, renal peliv ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

mucosa - trasntional epith - and called

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49
Q

ureter

A

mucosa, foldeed, start shape - trasntional epithelium, lamina propriate (dense fibro CT)

muscularis - inner longitudinal, outer circulat

in terminal portion of ureter - thcih outer longitudinal muscle is present

adventitia

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50
Q

urinary bladder

A

mucosa - lined with transitional eptih, lamina propria

muscularis DETRUSOR - fibers in all directions, innter and out long middle circular, forms INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCter near opening of urethra

adventitiaaioa - mesothelium

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51
Q

transitional epith

A

can expand without losing coitinuity -

dome shaped cells

thicker when ?

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52
Q

male urethra

A

three parts - prostatic

ejac ducts and ducts of proetrate gland penetrate wall - trans. epith

membraneous

strat columnar or speudostratified
penile

  • corpus spongiosum, cavernous tissue

pseudo stratified to stratified squamous

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53
Q

ducts of bulbourethral glands - cowpers

A

secrete mucous

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54
Q

female urethra

A

shorter - longitudinal folds

trans epith change to strati squa at mid portion

urethal glands, pair or parurethral glands into lomen

lamina propria highly vasculariezes

distally striated muscle form external urethral sphinchter

adventitia - outer covering of fibroelastic CT

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55
Q

3 layers of testis?

A

tunica vaginalis - single layer on basal laminal - simple squamous

t. abugenia - thick dense fibroelastic CT, coll fibers, fibroblasts, mast cells, smmoth mus, nerve, Messner nerve endings
t. vasculosa - blood vessels in loose CT

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56
Q

testis capsule

A

can contract periodically

maintains correct pressure

regulated fluids in and out

massages duct system- aid moving sperm

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57
Q

tunica albuginea - posterior surface divides and forms?

A

mediastinum testis - 250 pyramidal compartments - TEST. LOBULES

incomplete - and can communicate betw lobules

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58
Q

what do testic. lobules have?

A

1 - 4 seminiferous tubuules - in loose CT rich with blood, lymph, nerve, and LEYDIG “interstitial” cells

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59
Q

mesothelial cells?

A

tunica vaginalis cells

Mesothelial cells form a monolayer of specialised pavement-like cells that line the body’s serous cavities and internal organs. The primary function of this layer, termed the mesothelium, is to provide a slippery, non-adhesive and protective surface.

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60
Q

Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig,

A

are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH)

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61
Q

What do Leydig cells do?

A

produce testosterone in the presense of LH

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62
Q

Where does LH come from?

A

anterior pituitary

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63
Q

where does FSH come from?

A

anterior pituitary

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64
Q

Gonadotropic cells

A

are endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that produce the gonadotropins, such as the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Release of FSH and LH by gonadotropes is regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.

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65
Q

What cells in hypothalmus release GnRH?

A

preoptic nucleus - oxytocin?

arcuate nucleus

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66
Q

Androgen?

A

The predominant and most active androgen is testosterone, which is produced by the male testes. The other androgens, which support the functions of testosterone, are produced mainly by the adrenal cortex—the outer portion of the adrenal glands—and only in relatively small quantities.

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67
Q

what secretes androgens

A

Testicular androgen secretion is controlled by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which influence the Leydig cell response to the LH. … Inhibin production of the Sertoli cell is stimulated by androgens.

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68
Q

Inhibin secreted by Sertoli

A

tells hypothalmus and pituitary there is enough SPERM - negative feedback loop

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69
Q

what do Sertoli cells do?

blood testis barrier
nourish sperm
create inhibin

1st year only

A

The supporting cells (Sertoli) are located within the seminiferous tubules. Their task is the creation of a hemato-testicular barrier and the nourishment of the spermatozoa. They can only proliferate in the first year of life (their equivalent in the woman are the follicular cells).

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70
Q

What types of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Secreted Steroids
Five classes of steroid hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, progestins, androgens, and estrogens.

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71
Q

What stimulates Sertoli cells?

A

FSH - which creates Androgen binding protein ADP- which combines with testosterone to keep testosterone fluid and around

In addition to stimulating spermatogenesis, FSH also causes the Sertoli cells to produce an androgen binding protein (ABP). This protein binds testosterone and helps maintain a high concentration of testosterone within the testes; this is essential for spermatogenesis to occur.

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72
Q

Is testosterone a testicular androgen?

A

yes -

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73
Q

rete testis?

A

A network of small tubes in the testicle that helps move sperm cells from the testicle to the epididymis. The epididymis is where the sperm mature and are stored.

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74
Q

seminiferous tubules?

A

highly convoluted, but at apex of lobule becomes a STRAIGHT tubule

layer of fibro connective tissue (tunica propria) - 3 - 5 layers of fibroblasts, and one layer of muscle - flattened myoid cells

complex of germinal or seminiferous epithelium - two types

SERTOLI cells
Sperm germ cells (spermatogenic lineage cells

in the interstitial spaces are the LEYDIG cells

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75
Q

spermatogenic lineage cells

A

stacked in 4 - 8 layers that occupy space betw basal lamina and lumen

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76
Q

spermatogenesis - how many phases?

A

3 -

mitosis - A cell is daughter cells - doesn’t leave Basal compartment

meoisis 1 and meoisis 2

spermatogonia divide to create primary spermatocytes, 2dary spermatocytes, spermatids , spermatozoa

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77
Q

division of seminiferous tubules?

A

basal compartment, adlumen compartment, lumen -

blood testis barrier between basal and adlumen - via tight junctions between sertoli cells

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78
Q

what’s a spermatogonium?

A

primitive germ cells in basal compartment - will divide via mitosis two create 2 identical cells - one cell will remain in basal compartment and renew the cycle -

each contains a diploid number of chromosomes

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79
Q

What happens at male puberty?

A

spermatogenesis begins -

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80
Q

spermatogium types

A dark, A pale, B?

A

A dark, A pale, B

A dark - renew themselves and create some A pale - ovoid nucleus - stain dark

A PALE - ovoid nucleus - divide mitotically to create more A Pale and some B

B - spherical nucleus, dense stain, divide via mitosis to create PRIMARY spermatacytes

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81
Q

Primary spermatocytes

A

largest germ cell in tubule -

start in basal compartment - but after division migrate to middle zone -

spherical or ovid, nucleus in some stage of karyokinesis (division of a cell nucleus during mitosis.)

soon after - become secondary spermatocytes

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82
Q

Quick change - what cells are hard to see?

A

secondary spermatocytes - they divide quickly into spermatids

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83
Q

spermatids -

A

small size - nuclei w/ condesnesed chromatin, juxtaluminal location with tubule

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84
Q

spermatid - complex process

A
  1. form acrosome
  2. condense, elongate nucleus
  3. develop flagellum
  4. loss of much of cytoplasm (becomes sleek and excited to move!)

When mature released into lumen of seminif tubule

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85
Q

4 phases of spermiogenesis

  1. GOLGI phase,
  2. cap phase
  3. Acrosome phase
  4. Maturation Phase
A
  1. golgi phase - PAS positive proacrosomal granules accumulate in Golgi - fuse to form single granule in a membrane ACROSOMAL Vesicle

CENTRIOLES migrate near surface and opposite to forming acrosome

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86
Q
  1. cap phase - ACROSOMAL reaction when find an ova
A

vesicle and granule cover anterior half of condensiing nucleus - “cap”

within has several hydrolytic enzymes - hyaluronidase, neuraminidase, acid phosphatase, acrosin - wthich dissociate cells of corona radiata and digest zonna pellucida

when spermatozoa encounter ova - the outer membrane of acrosome fueses with plasma membrane at multiple sites known as ACROSOMAL reaction

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87
Q
  1. acrosome phase
A

anterior pole of cell (w/ acrosome) orients toward base of seminiferous tubule

nucleus elongates - microtubules may help (the manchettes)

mitocondria aggregate around proximal part of flagellum MIDDLE PIECE

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88
Q
  1. maturation phase
A

residual cytoplams is she and phagocytized by Sertoli cells - spermatozoa released into lumne

(during division of spermatonia - resulting cells do not separate completely but remian attache d by cytoplamic bridges

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89
Q

spermatazoa ?

A

head, middle piece (w/ mitrochondrial sheath) responsible for movement fof tail

tail - covered by thin layer of cytoplas except at tip

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90
Q

Immotile cilia syndrome

A

infertility - due to lack of dynein or other proteins required for ciliary motility

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91
Q

sertoli cells

A

on basement membrane - few in number - at intervals between spermatogonia

columnar - extends from basal lamina to lumen - along the side of each cell - a stream of proliferating and differentiating germ cells move slowly toward the lumen

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92
Q

Sertoli cells connected to one another via?

A

via gap junctions and multiple tight junctions -

tight junctions are near base of cell - separating early vs later developoing sperm - early ones need to have access to hormones from blood

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93
Q

blood testis barrier

A

all the spermatocyctes, spermatids and spermatozoa are near the lumen - with the thigh junctions creating a blood testis barrier - to protect the spermatogenic cells from noxious substances

the barrier disappears and reappears letting the primary spermatocytes out - and keeping the germ cells (spermatogonia) in the basal compartment

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94
Q

Sertoli functions?

A
    1. help and nourish sperm
  2. phagocytose residual bodies from spermatids,
  3. secrete fluid into lumen for sperm movement - - including ADP, activin, inhibin, plasminogen activator, transferrin, growth factors, ions
  4. small quantities of estrogen - (conversion of testosterone to estradiol)
  5. maybe in embryo - non-sterioidal Mullerian Inhibitory Factor
  6. prepubertal state - substance suppressing meiotic division of gamets
  7. Sertoli cells do not divide during reproductive period - extememtly resistant to adverse conditions such as infection, malnutrition or X ray
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95
Q

Interstitial tissue - between tubules?

A

loose CT, nerves, blood and lymph

fibroblasts, undifferentiated connective cells, mast cells, macrophases

LEYDIG

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96
Q

Leydig?

crystals of REINKE

A

during puberty - LEYDIG become apparent - cental nucleus - have characteristics of steroid secreting cells - (smoother ER), and crystals of REINKE

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97
Q

leydig produce?

A

testosterone

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98
Q

leydig stim by?

ICSH (like LH) and Prolactin

A

ICSH - same as LH in females = from anterior pituitary -

PROLACTIN also aid in production of teststerone

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99
Q

puberty vs. fetal life and testosterone?

A

lots of Leydig during puberty

fetus - Chorionic gonadotropin from placenta stims interstitial cells of testis to produce testosterone - developing males genitalia

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100
Q

testosterone responsible for?

and male libido

A

many things - growth, devel, maintenance of accessory male sex organs, prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, penis

and secondary sec changth - hair - larynx enlargment, musculoskeletal growth

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101
Q

crystals of reinke?

Reinke crystals are rod-like cytoplasmic inclusions which can be found in Leydig cells of the testes. Occurring only in adult humans and wild bush rats, their function is unknown.

A

protein inclusions in cytoplams of leydig

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102
Q

StAR protein regs?

A

synthesis of steriods by transporting cholesterol across outer mitochondrial membrane - mutation of this is seen in people with defective synthesis of adrenal and gonadal steriods

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103
Q

steroid producing cells?

A

lipid droplets containing esterfied cholesterol, smooth ER, mitochondria with tubular critae

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104
Q

prolactin?

A

induces expression of LH receptor

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105
Q

FSH, LH, Prolactin

A

FSH, and LH by basophils in adenohypophysis of pituitary

PROlactin- by acidophils

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106
Q

fsh bind to?

A

sertoli which produce ABP, which binds to testosterone - and complex is transported to epididymis

Prolactin stims leydig to express LH receptors = LH binds triggering testosertone production

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107
Q

testosterone - 3 secretory routes?

A

blood circulation

lymphatic channels surroudning seminif tubules

sertoli cells where binds to androgen receptor

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108
Q

feeback loops - 2 regulating spermatogeneiss?

FSH and LH

GnRH in hypothalamus modulated FSH inhibi-activin loop

LH - testosterone loop

A

1 sertoli = inhibit if too many sperm

ACTIVIN when want more (up-regulate FSH secretion)

2LH - testosterone loop

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109
Q

temp for testis important

A

BELOW 37 - about 35

rich venous plexus helps with counter current exchange -

failure of descent - - inhibits - too warm

malnutrition, alcoholism and some drugs alter spematonoia production

110
Q

primordial germ cells come from?

A

yolk sac endoderm

111
Q

urinary and genital systems develop from what mesoderm?

Kindermediate

skelton arms, legs - dancing on PLATE

A

intermediate - kidneys and gonads

lateral plate - appendecular skeleton -

paraxial condenses to form somites - giving rise to axial skeleton, voluntary muscles, and dermis

112
Q

What cell secrete in the fetus secrete glycoprotein hormone - determining male sex?

SERTOLI

A

sertoli -

SRY gene on Y chromo - testis determining factor -TDF _ females develop in the absense of SRY - under influence of TEF SErtoli differentiate in primitive sex cords and secrete MIF (mullerian inhib factor) secrete until puberty

113
Q

principle affect of testic determining factor on devel of male reprod system?

A

organizaiton and differntiation of gonadal cords

during 5th week - indifferent gonads form finger like cords - in males - TDF ecoded by SRY gene stimulates primitive sex cords to extend deeper into medulla of gonad - TDF stims differntitiona of Sertoli and Leydig cells - which secrete mullerian inhib factor and testosterone respectively.

testosterone regs devel of male genitalia and differentiation of mesonephric tubes and ducts -

regressions and loss of uterus and uterine tubes are regulated by mullerian inhib factor

114
Q

TDF belongs to which family of proteins?

A

nuclear transcription factor

115
Q

most common surgical treatment for infants?

A

failure of testis to descend - often do with first year

116
Q

which testicular cells see a lot of under microscope?

A

primary spermatocytes 1 - 22 days arrested - allowing for crossover affect - - secondary short lived cells =

117
Q

recognize a sertoli cell on microscope?

A

columar - attaced to basal membrane - apical faces lumen

118
Q

leydig tumor in male child?

A

can create precocious phys/sexual development

119
Q

synthesizing steroids?

A

Smooth ER - and lipid droplets (foamy apperaance) (same with foam cells in adrenal cortex)

120
Q

intercellular bridges?

help regulate germ cell diffentiation by ensuring free diffusion of singaling moecules, FNA, and proteins between daughter spermatocytes and spermtids

A

daughter cells from single Type A dark stem cell - remian connected to one another thru these - they share resources - lost prior to release of spermatozoa in to lumen

121
Q

what found in middle piece of spermatozoa?

A

mitocondria

122
Q

assembly of microtubules in sperm?

neck of sperm contains pair of centrioles tha organie the 9+2 arramengemnt of microtubules in flagellum

A

centrosomes initiate the assembly

(centromere - region of DNA organizing and linking sister chromatids together)

CentroMIRROR

123
Q

hyperactivation of sperm motility ?

A

opening of membrane ca2+ channels

124
Q

age related thickening of tunica propria in testis?

A

infertility - delivering nutrients and oxygen to sperm germ cells comes thru peritubular fascia (tunica propria)

125
Q

what do late spermatids do?

A

break their bridges and get rid of excess cytoplasm - generating residual bodies for phagocytosis - after this SERTOLI cells release them into the lumen and phagocotyse resid bodies

126
Q

What helps develop male repro system, including growth of genital ducts, and epididymis and vas defense

A

leydig cells - testosterone!

127
Q

are Sertoli cells exocrine or endocrine?

A

Both - release inhibin (fsh) secrete fluid, protein into lumen - ABP to maintain high concentration of testosterone in area -

128
Q

tunia albuginea?

when sperm enter rete testis - not motile -

when leave epididimus - they are motile

A

seminif surrounded by thick white coat - w/ septa 250 lobules - each lobule 1 - 4 seminif tubules surrounded by interstitial CT (leydig, etc)

129
Q

rete testis?

single CILIUM - simple cuboidal - microvilli and single CILIUM

A

seminif end as short stubs - emptying into interconnected labyrinth of channels - in midiastium of testis continguous with tunica albugenia

130
Q

efferent ductules of testis?

scalloped appearance re two types of cells

psesdostratified epith

principle cells with microvilli &
ciliated cells beat sperm toward epididimus

A

cilia - transporting sperm from rete testis to caput epididymis - two groups of cells - tall with cilia to move sperm, other cuboidal w/ microvilli for water absorption

131
Q

lining of epididymis and structure 2 cells

principal cells with stereocilia

basal cells

sterocilia have neither basal bodies nor microtubules whereas cilia has both

A

lined with steriocilia (not actual cilia) - non-motile

epidid - has three structures - caput, corpus, cauda = during movment thru here sperm become mature, with capitaciation and fertilization capacity

132
Q

end of epididymal duct - sperm has motility

epidydmus - sperm maturation - 2 - 12 days - aquire motility and fertilizaton capapcty i from body to tail

vas deferens? - thick muscle

has mucous membrane, very thick muscular coat and fibrous coat - adventitia

A

from posterio wall of testis, thru inguinal canal - entering abdomen to join protate - when enters prostate becomes “ejaculatory duct” -

THICK muscular wall - to move sperm along - three layers of muscle - inner long, middle circ, outer longi - to expel sperm during ejaculation-

Thicker wall than any other part of male genitalia

133
Q

excurrent genital males genitalia develop from?

A

mesonephrnic ducts 4 - 8 wks - interim kidney

paramesonephric duct forms uterus and uterine tubes -

ureteric diverticulum gives rise to ureter, renal pelvis, major, minor calyces, collecting tubules/ducts of per. kidney (a branch of mesnephric duct)

134
Q

embryonic development of urorectal septum?

A

grows and divides the primitive hindgut (cloaca) into urogenital sinus and rectus - primiative hindgut lined by endoderm. urogenital sinus divided into three parts - carnial (vesicle forms bladder) middle (pelvis) forms urethra) and prostate in males, urethra in females - and caudal pahllic part grows genital tubercle to form penis/clit

135
Q

is prostate from ectoderm or endoderm?

A

endoderm

136
Q

dartos fascia?

regs temp - wrinkling scrotum

A

superficila fascia of scrotom and penis

The dartos muscle is the scrotal part of the dartos fascia, composed by smooth cells. In the scrotum, the tunica dartos acts to regulate the temperature of the testicles, which promotes spermatogenesis. It does this by expanding or contracting to wrinkle the scrotal skin.

137
Q

The seminal vesicles - 70% of fluid contribution - much fructose

A

(also called vesicular glands, or seminal glands), are a pair of two coiled tubular glands that lie behind the urinary bladder of some male mammals. They secrete fluid that partly composes the semen.

tortuous tubes - surrounded by muscle

138
Q

prostate ?

periferal - most cancer - on outside

trasntional - older men - can’t pee compress benign nodules

A

3 zones -

central, transitional, peripheral

central surrounds ejac ducts -

transitional around prostatic urethra

enlargement of prostrate can affect these structures - retaining urine and predisposiing to recurrent urinary track infections -

nodular hyperplasis is common disorder - enlargmenet of gland - obstruction to flow of urine

139
Q

corpora amylacea?

w/ no clinical significance

A

secretory material of prostate

small hyaline masses found in the prostate gland, nervous system, lung, and sometimes in other organs of the body.-

140
Q

penis?

A

paired corpora cavernosa - w/ ventral corpus spongiosum

tunica albugieum surrounds it all and hold cylindrical erectile masses togetehr

tunica vascularis and tunica vaginalis are investiing layers of testes

141
Q

what does corpus spongiusum eventually form

A

glans penis

what arteries supply penis?

internal pudendal

142
Q

erectile function?

Nitrous Oxide

A

dilation of helicine arteries - parasympathetic relax trabecular smooth muscles surrounding these arteries -

143
Q

young male tumors on testis?

A

primordial germ cell tumors - usually benign - become activated to initiate embryonic develoepement - have all three germ layers - ecto, meso, and endo derm

144
Q

which testis larger?

A

commonly right

145
Q

testis contain?

A

seminif tubules, straight tubutes, rete testis, leydig (interstitial cells) and Sertoli

146
Q

spermiogenesis?

A

when spermatids develop into spermatazoa - sleek swimmers = spermatids are round!

147
Q

PSA from prostate?

if find in blood - maybe a disease

A

liquifies semen after ejaculation

148
Q

seminal vesicle?

A

70% volume - fructose -

149
Q

kidney cont’d

A

cleans the system up - saves what they can - gets rid of what they don’t need thru urine

figures out what the system needs - and can signal other parts of system to make more of something

excretes poisons, extra things not needs,

can do gluconeogenesis - starving - can release glucose

secrete EPO - tells blood marrow to make RBC

secretes renin

vitamin d function- signals osteoblasts to secrete IL1 - which messages osteoblasts to increase bone resoprtion

150
Q

collecting ducts and major/minor calyces comes from what fetal structure?

A

ureteric bud

151
Q

kidney during fetal life most imp role?

A

generate amniotic fluid - produce urine

152
Q

what surrounds kidney?

A

dense CT capsule - - outer layer and inner layer of myofibroblasts - can contract!

153
Q

renal lobule?

A

multiple nephrons draining to single collecting duct

154
Q

renal arteries?

SEGMENTAl - no segmental veins

A

branch to form two or three segmental arteries that enter each kidney at hilum - interlobar arteries are branches of teh segmental renal artieers that travel betwe renal pyramids - - extend toward corticomedullary junction - where give rise to arcuate arteries - they ARC along corticomedullary junction near baes of renal pyramids -

155
Q

primary urine

A

produced in glomerulus - and heads out to be further refined - produced in the “renal corpuscle”

156
Q

renal corpuscle vs glomerulus

renal corpuscle - two structures -

bowman’s is a complete sac housing a glomerulus

A

The renal corpuscle is composed of two structures, the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule. The glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell types. … Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries.

157
Q

glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell types.

A

Endothelial cells, which have large fenestrae, are not covered by diaphragms. Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries.

158
Q

two poles of renal corpusulce

A

vascular - afferent, efferent invaginate parietal layer of bowmans

urinary - where PCT begins

159
Q

cap network in glomerulus?

A

discontinurous caps with fenestrations lacking diaphragms - fenestrated endothelial cells rest on continuous and thick basement membrane - perforation through these thin cells exists - lacking diaphragms - larger cells can get thru

160
Q

glomerular basement membrane?

TYPE 4 COLLAGEN

A

cap endoth cells and visceral epithelia cells (podocytes) syntheis this - made of TYPE 4 collagen, laminein, etc

161
Q

podocytes - wrap around capillaries and that neighbor cells of the Bowman’s capsule.

A

viceral layer of bowman’s cap - closly associated with basement membrane - protrude into urinary space -

162
Q

foot processes of podocytes

A

are visceral eptih cells resting on outer surface of glomerular basement membrane - sending out extensive foot processes or peicels

163
Q

slit diaphragms

A

between foot processes - modified adherens - w/ fenestrated caps and continuous membrane - these structures form a size and charge selective barrier than regulated filtration

164
Q

nephrin? protein

A

connects slit diaphramgs - form zipper-like sheets that ineract to form a prous slit diaphram - >3.5 nm can’t pass

165
Q

Pars nervosa. posterior pituitary -
oxytocin
vasopressin

herring bodies

A

Also called the neural lobe or posterior lobe, this region constitutes the majority of the posterior pituitary and is the storage site of oxytocin and vasopressin. Sometimes (incorrectly) considered synonymous with the posterior pituitary, the pars nervosa includes Herring bodies and pituicytes.

166
Q

kidney functions

A 
1. filter, excrete
2, balance fluids
3 recover, reabosorb
4 regulate blood pressure - RENIN
5. EPO - (endocrine function - RBC 
6, Vitamin D derivative  - 1/25 hydroxy... calcium metab
167
Q

Renin angiotensin system RAS triggers?

A
  1. depletion of fluid (hypovolemia)
  2. low BP (hypotension)
  3. Low NA+ at macula densa
168
Q

afferent arteriole - can it sense pressure?

A

YES - when BP low - renin secretion is stiumulated

169
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

macula dense links changes in sodium to regulates blood flow - via message to JG cells and mesengial which can ??

170
Q

need to review slides re angiotensin renin thing

A

first four slides in his presentation - can print out too

171
Q

kidney - cortex (outer and justamedullary)

medulla (outer and inner)

A

capsule - two layers - outer

inner - myofibroblasts -

172
Q

cortex?

A

part of nephron except tubules

renal corpuscles - with convoluted and straigh tubules - collecting tubules, collecting ducts, vascular supply

173
Q

outer medulla -

A

thick PCT and some thin

174
Q

inner medulla

A

thin tubule and distal collecting ducts

175
Q

medullary rays?

A

straight tubules and collecting ducts -

vertical striations emananting from medulla can be seen in corte

176
Q

cortical labyrinthc?

A

region between medullary rays with renal corpuscles, convoluted tubes and collecting

177
Q

medulla - straight tubules, collecting ducts and ???

A

special capillary network VASA RECTA

178
Q

vasa recta

A

runs parallel to tubules and is part of countercurrect exchnage

179
Q

tubules form

A

pyramids - bases of pyramids face cortex and apices face renal sinus

180
Q

each pyramid divides into

A

outer medulla and inner

outer medulla - has OUTER and INNER stripe

renal columns represent cortical tissue contained with in medulla

181
Q

Lobes and lobules?

A

medullary pyramid - = renal lob -

lateral boundariy of each lobe - renal columns of BERTIN (residual structures representing fusion of primitive lobes within metanephric bastema

apex of each lobe terminates in conic shaped pappilla - by area crirosa (opening site of papillary duct -

papilla surrounded by minor calyx

182
Q

minor calyx?

A

collects urine from pilla dripping from area cribrosa

converge to form major calyces whit head to renal pelvis to ureter

183
Q

lobule?

A

portion of cortex flanked by two adjacent ascenting interlobular arteries

each interlobular artery gives rise to series of glomeruli - each constistn of afferenate arteriole, cap nextework and efferent

184
Q

medullary ray is

A

axis of lobule

cortex has many lubules and each lobule has a single medullary ray

185
Q

interlobar arteries

A

Between the pyramids are major arteries termed the interlobar arteries. Each interlobar artery branches over the base of the pyramid.

186
Q

interlobular arteries

A

Cortical radial arteries, formerly known as interlobular arteries, are renal blood vessels given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance.

187
Q

describe glomerulus arterial system?

A

afferent artery - capillary (glomulerus) - efferent - vasa recta (where turns from cap to venous) venule

188
Q

uriniferous tubules?

A

1.3 million in each kidney - surrounded by stroma with loose CT, blood vessels, lymph, nerves

189
Q

each uriniferous tubule consists of?

A

nephon and collecting duct

nephron - 2 components -

renal corpuscle
long renal tubue - with several regions

190
Q

ureteric duct embyology gives rise to ?

REVIEW THIS!

A

The ureteric bud (also known as the metanephrogenic diverticulum) is a protrusion of the mesonephric duct that appears during the embryological development of urogenital organs. It will eventually form the urinary collecting system (i.e. collecting tubes, calyces, renal pelvis, ureter) of the kidney.

191
Q

nephon and collecting duct - two different embyological systems?

A

nephron goes all the way to distal convoluted tubule

192
Q

Mesonephros develops by the formation of mesonephric tubules from the intermediate mesoderm, it is the principal excretory organ during early embryonic life (4—8 weeks). … Metanephros arises caudal to the mesonephros at five weeks of development; it is the permanent and functional kidney in higher vertebrates.

A

The development of the kidney proceeds through a series of successive phases, each marked by the development of a more advanced kidney: the archinephros, pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros.[1] The pronephros is the most immature form of kidney, while the metanephros is most developed. The metanephros persists as the definitive adult kidney.

193
Q

collecting tubules - 3 regions

A

cortical collecint (in renal cortex as centerpiece of medullary ray)

outer medullary

inner medullary

194
Q

two types of nephons

A

cortical or justamedullary

cortical - short loop of henle

juxta - henle loop goes into inner medulla

195
Q

nephron - renal corpuscle or MALPIGHIAN Corpuscle

A

bowman’s capsula and glmerulus

196
Q

bowman’s capsule?

A

two layers - viscerla (attached to cap of glmerulus)

parietal

visceral lined by epithelial cells called PODOCYTES - on a basal lamina

197
Q

partietal layer - covered by basal lamina w/ s

A

simple squamous epith - and is continuous with simple cuboidal epith of proximal convoluted tubule

198
Q

urinary space - between visceral and parietal

A

and continguous with Urinary POLE

other pole VASCULAR

199
Q

3 components of glomerulus

A

caps, mesangium (in mesangial matris) and pococytes - compoent of visceral layer of capsule of bowman

200
Q

sympathetic nerve stim to afferent - innervating JG cells?

A

stim RENIN

201
Q

JG cells are what type of cell?

A

modified smooth muscle

202
Q

where do podocytes bulge?

A

into urinary space

203
Q

what cells cover parietal layer of bowman cap?

A

squamous epithelial

204
Q

where are macula densa cells found?

A

thick Distal Convoluted Tubule at affereant artery - in contacct with extraglomerial mesangial cells

205
Q

5 components of juxtaglomerial apparatus?

A 
afferent
efferent
macula densa
mesangial
JG cells
206
Q

podocytes?

A

long, branching porcesses that completely encircle surface of glomerular capillary

207
Q

glomerular filtration system?

A

fenestraed endothelia cells, basal laminal, podocytes

208
Q

filtration slits?

A

gaps between podocytes - bridge by slit DIAPHRAM

209
Q

what attached pedicels to basal lamina?

A

INTEGRIN

210
Q

Nephrin?

A

makes up filtration slits diaphrgm between podocytes

which is an EXTRA filtering mechanism

211
Q

what things other than the filtraion barrier limit passage of molecules?

A

size and charge

Heparin sulfate lines both sides of basal lamina (rara interna, rara externa) has negative charge

212
Q

what molecules filter best thru?

A

positive charge, 3.5nm - albumin filters POORLY

213
Q

what do podocytes secrete?

A

glomerular endothelial GROWTH FACTOR - stims develop of endothelium and maintenance of fenestrations

214
Q

endothe is permealbe to ?

A

water, urea, glucose, small proteins

215
Q

Basal lamina - what kind of collagen?

A

type IV - with firbonectin, laminin and heparan sulface

216
Q

3 parts of filtrations sysmte?

A

fenestrated endo cell

glomerular basal lamina

filtrations slits between foot processes covered with diaphragm

217
Q

congenital nephrotic syndrome? Finland - neFrin - problem -

A

nephrin doesn’t work - albumin slips thru!

podocyte slit filtration diaphragm doesn’t work

ALOT in Finland - see in fetus - lethal

218
Q

is the glomerular basal lamina fused?

A

Yes - with endothelial cells and pdocytes -

lamina dense is physical barrier - but lamina rara is a charge barrier

219
Q

diabetes meelitus and glomerulonephrisit?

A

glomerular filter is altered - becoming more permeable to proteins - release of protein into urin (proteinuria)

220
Q

Mesangium?

contraction,
phagocytosis,

CAN PROLIFERATE

secrete prostaglandins and endothlins - (indcue constrictuion of afferent and efferent arterioles

A

can be intra and extraglomerular

specilized pericytes - smooth muscle characteristics and macrophages -

221
Q

mesangial cells do a lot -

synthesize matrix and collagen

Mesangial cells and their matrix form the central stalk of the glomerulus and are part of a functional unit interacting closely with endothelial cells and podocytes. Alterations in one cell type can produce changes in the others

A

indirectly - mechanical support
turnover of basal lamina via phagocytosis
regulate blood flow via contraction
secrete prostalandins and endothelin

respond to angiotensin II

Mesangial cells are specialised cells in the kidney that make up the mesangium of the glomerulus. Together with the mesangial matrix, they form the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. The mesangial cell population accounts for approximately 30-40% of the total cells in the glomerulus.

222
Q

Endothelins?

A

induce constriction of afferent and efferent glomerular anterioles

223
Q

diffuse mesengial sclerosis?

A

mesangial cells produce matrix which contains fibronectin and collagens - in some disease - mesantial matric acculutes… obliteration capillaries

224
Q

mesangial can release cytokinses?

A

inducing inflammatory reaction leading to occlusion of cap lumen

225
Q

angiotensin (( and mesangial?

A

induces contraction

226
Q

mesangial and phagocytosis?

have ACTIN too

A

any trapped material coming thru barriers - they can clear out

227
Q

damage to glomerulus? diseases?

A

immune mechanism can damage - against cells and basal lamina - glmerulonephritis

antibody-antigen complexes can get trapped in filtration sysytem

autoantibodies can target type 4 collagen

immune complexes can deposit between endo cells and basal lamina, etc

228
Q

immune complexes in basement membrane (from bacterial, viral, etc infection

A

triggers proliferatino of endothelial and mesangial cells - neutrophils accumulate in lumen of caps - becoming occluded

229
Q

This is GOOD PASTURE”S Syndrome

and sytemic lupis -

generally considered type II hypersensitivity reaction.

A

rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis - immune mediated process -

proliferation of epithelial cells and infiltration of macrophages produce crescent like mass - compressing glmerular caps - which are displaced and stop functioning - RENAL FAILURE

accumulation of fibrin, etcc stim prolifeative process

230
Q

JG cells produce renin

JG apparatus?

A

it is a small endocrine structure -

consists of macula densa -

extraglmerular mesantial cells

renin producing cells of afferent art and some efferent

231
Q

macula dense is sensitive to changes in ?

A

sodium concentration - renin secretes when SO or BP falls

232
Q

When is renin released?

A

when SO or BP falls

233
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms?

A

JG apparatus

and sympathetic (adrenergic) fibers innervating JG cells

renin secretion enhanced by NE and dopamine secreted by adrenergc nerve fibers

NE binds to B1 cepetors in afferent glomerular arterioles -

NO parasym innervation

234
Q

Macula Densa of DCT?

A

cells columnar, able to sense flow and ionic conc

influences afferent arteriole constriction, filtration and renin secretion

235
Q

JG cells

A

modified smoother muscle

secretory granules

protein synthesizing organells

synthesize renin

effect - increase NA+ and CL- absorption - distal tubules

236
Q

Polkissen or Lasic Cells?

A

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

237
Q

Blood supply to kidneys?

Renal architeture is TERMINAL - no anastomoses between interlobular arteries

A

via renal artery

to interlobar arteries running across medulla through renal columns along sides of pyramids

at corticomedullary junction
give off branhes at right angles - ARCUATE arteries

NO anastomose between interlobular arteries

Renal infact can be caused by atherosclerotic plaques in renal artery

238
Q

interlobular arteries are found?

A

in the cortex - ascend toward outer cortex, branch sevearl times to form afferent glomerular arterioles

they then form cap network - enveloped by two layers capsule of bowman and continue as efferent

239
Q

location of renal corpuscle detemines?

peritubular caps - with convoluted tubules

vasa recta - w/ nephron tube

???? he says MOST IMPORTANT FOR YOU TO KNOW - I don’t understand the real difference?

A

efferent arterior forms two diff cap networks -

peritubular - surrounding superficial cortical sements of uriniferous tubules

drains into interlobular vein - converging to arcuate vein, drain to interlobar veins continuous with renal vein

vasa recta (straight esel) formed by efferent arterioles - located close to corticomedullary junction

extend into medulla - parallel to medullary segment - make hairpin turn reutnr to junction as ascenging venous caps - lined by fenestrated endothelial cells

240
Q

location of renal corpuscle detemines?

peritubular caps - with convoluted tubules

vasa recta - w/ nephron tube

The vasa recta capillaries are long, hairpin-shaped blood vessels that run parallel to the loops of Henle. The hairpin turns slow the rate of blood flow, which helps maintain the osmotic gradient required for water reabsorption.

A

efferent arterioles forms two diff cap networks -

peritubular - surrounding superficial cortical segments of uriniferous tubules

drains into interlobular vein - converging to arcuate vein, drain to interlobar veins continuous with renal vein

vasa recta (straight vessel) formed by efferent arterioles - located close to corticomedullary junction

extend into medulla - parallel to medullary segment - make hairpin turn reutnr to junction as ascenging venous caps - lined by fenestrated endothelial cells

241
Q

peritubular capillaries

critical for reabsorption in CORTEX

A

are tiny blood vessels, supplied by the efferent arteriole, that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.

242
Q

The vasa recta

Peritubular capillaries surround the cortical parts of the proximal and distal tubules, while the vasa recta go into the medulla to approach the loop of Henle.

A

are the straight arterioles, and the straight venules of the kidney, – a series of blood vessels in the blood supply of the kidney that enter the medulla as the straight arterioles, and leave the medulla to ascend to the cortex as the straight venules.

243
Q

where are vasa recta found?

A

in MEDULLA

244
Q

blood flow in kidneys?

A

afferent, glomerular, efferent

two paths

peritubular (cortex)

vasa recta - medulla - supplying juxtaglo nephrons (only ones that go into medulla) and these loop around in a big long semicrircle

245
Q

prox convoluted tubules

brush border - microvilli

tight junctions and zonula adherens BELT

A

begin at urinary pole - simple cuboidal
longer than DCT
acidophillic -

plicae or foldes on lateral surface

246
Q

PCT functions

AQUAsporin 1 - 70% water reabsorb

Brings sodium in and pumps h+ out

mitocondria are basally located

A

pinocytosis -

active ion transport (NA+/K+ -ATPase)

osmosis

exoocytosis

reabsorption

secretion

247
Q

Fanconi syndrome -

hereditary (primary) or acquired (secondary)

cystinosis is most common cause of Fanconi in children

A

PCT fail to reabsorb amino acids and glucose -

they are secreted in urine

248
Q

loop of henle

A

thick - simple cuboidal

thin descending - simple squa, few microvilli

thin ascending simple squa
few microvilli

thicken ascending
simple cuboidal similar to DCT

249
Q

4 types of epithelial cells

A

thru tubes -

in LONG looped nephrons - in the cortical labyrinth - taller epithelium - abudant organells, many microvilli

250
Q

loop of henle

A

capable of forming hyperonic urine - (water retention)

thin descending [ permeable to water

ascending impermeable to water - permeable to NA+, K+, Cl_

reabsorbs about 15% watera dnd 25% other things

251
Q

DCT

Aldosterone deficient?

ADDISONS SALTY urine

A

no brush border - simple cuboidal

under aldosterone influence - absorb na_ and water - secrete K+

deficieny - ADDISONS

252
Q

cells lining both PCT and DCTs have ?

A

mitrocondria

253
Q

diff between PCT and DCT ?

A

microvilli - and lots of vesicles - in the PCT - lysosomes too -

DCT some microvilli = not a lot

254
Q

collecting tubes?

A

empty into minor calyx at renal papilla

few organelles

255
Q

two types of cells in collecting tubules and ducts

A

principal or LIGHT cells - pale stain - single CILIUM - few microvilla, small mitocondria, contain ADH - Aguaporin 2 ABSORBING WATER,

DARK or intercalated -
lots of mitocondria no. decrease as duct approach papilla-

256
Q

two types of cells in collecting tubules and ducts

The principal cell mediates the collecting duct’s influence on sodium and potassium balance via sodium channels and potassium channels located on the cell’s apical membrane. Aldosterone determines expression of sodium channels (especially the ENaC).

he principal cell is one of two major epithelial cell types in what is often referred to as the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron, comprising the connecting segment through the collecting duct

A

principal or LIGHT cells - pale stain - single CILIUM - few microvilla, small mitocondria, contain ADH - Aguaporin 2

DARK or intercalated -
lots of mitocondria no. decrease as duct approach papilla-

Principal cells are the main Na+ reabsorbing cells and the site of action of aldosterone, K+-sparing diuretics, and spironolactone. Type A and B intercalated cells make up the second cell type in the collecting duct epithelium. Type A intercalated cells mediate acid secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption.

257
Q

collecting tube, ducts function?

ADH

A

ADH - vasopressin - causes epithelium to be permeable to h2O - reabsop of H20

vasopressin, is a small peptide hormone which regulates the body’s retention of water. It is one of only two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.

258
Q

diuretics - various meds

osmotic affect PCT and descending thin limb

A

inhibit water reabsorption or Sodium (loop) - loop diur. affects - thick ascending limb

259
Q

Interstitial cells in kidney - 2 kinds

A

maintain architecture and produce EPO -

activated interstitial fibroblast and inflamm cells (macrophages and lymphocytes) participated in nephritis disease -

260
Q

urinary bladder - mucosa

A

transitional epith - lamina propria

DETRUSSOR muscle - fibers in all directions - forms internal urethral sphincter

adventitia - loose CT - superior surface covered by mesothelium

261
Q

Transitional epith

A

has plaques on plasma membrane - thicker - folds inward when non-distended - form fusiform vesicles

262
Q

male urethra - three parts

A

prostatic (trans. epith) - ejac ducts and ducts of prostate gland penetrate wall

membranous - surround to skeletal mus of urogential diaph - to form external voluntary urethral sphicter

penile urethra - surroun tby corpus spongiosum, cavernous tissue - at distal end changes to strat squamous -

ducts of bulbourethral glands (cowpers) and mucus secreteing urtehal gland (of Littre) empty into penile uretha

263
Q

female uretha

A

short
longit folkds
lined by trasntional changeing to strat squa -

urethral glands - inner longit outer cirular smooth muscle

external striated muscle

264
Q

mammary - fat/iga and PINCHED off via aPocrine secreteion

A

Milk proteins and lactose - MEROCRINE exocytosis

265
Q

what are integrins and cadherins

cadherins and selectins depend on Ca2+.

Integrins don’t ECM

A

cadherins between Cells
Cell adherin
CADhein

integrins - btw cell and ECM

Integrins and the Ig-superfamily CAMs do not depend on Ca2+ while cadherins and selectins depend on Ca2+. In addition, integrins participate in cell–matrix interactions, while other CAM families participate in cell–cell interactions.

266
Q

role of sterocilia in epididymous - non-motile - absorption creates current moving immobile sperm

resorb 90% of this fluid as the spermatozoa start to become motile. This absorption creates a fluid current

A

The stereocilia in the epididymis are non-motile. … The core function of the stereocilia is to resorb 90% of this fluid as the spermatozoa start to become motile. This absorption creates a fluid current that moves the immobile sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis.

267
Q

adrenal layer secretions? ACS

aldosterone
cortisol
Sex hormones 17

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens

The zona reticularis is the site of biosynthesis of androgen precursors such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione from cholesterol. These androgens are released into the bloodstream and transported to gonads where they are converted into testosterone or oestrogen.

A

Zona glomularios – mineral aldosterone
Fasciulta ? CORTISOL
Retincularis SEX – androgens – go to gonads

Cortisol, the primary stress hormone, increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain’s use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues. Cortisol also curbs functions that would be nonessential or detrimental in a fight-or-flight situation.

268
Q

melanocytes produce melanin - which is transported to keratinocytes

A

Tyrosinase (TANGERINE) is required for melanocytes to produce melanin from the amino acid tyrosine.

269
Q

What is the function of thyroglobulin?

A

Thyroglobulin is the other major component needed for synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Thyroglobulin is the matrix for thyroid hormone synthesis and is the form in which hormone is stored in the gland

270
Q

What do parathyroid cells secrete?

oxyphil cells? appear at the onset of puberty, but have no known function.

A

The parathyroid gland contains two cell types, chief cells and oxyphil cells. Chief cells are the predominant cell type characterised by round nucleus surrounded by scarce cytoplasm. They produce and secrete PTH in response to low extracellular calcium levels detected by receptors in the cell membrane.

271
Q

Herring bodies - posterior pituitary

A

or neurosecretory bodies are structures found in the posterior pituitary. They represent the terminal end of the axons from the hypothalamus, and hormones are temporarily stored in these locations. They are neurosecretory terminals.

272
Q

What is the role of the posterior pituitary?

A

The posterior pituitary is not glandular as is the anterior pituitary. Instead, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary, and serve as a site for the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) directly into the blood.

block 4 (10 decks)

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