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ETA 4: REPRODUCTION > 3: Anatomy of Testes > Flashcards

3: Anatomy of Testes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the testes?

A

A compound tubular gland enclosed in a thick fibrous capsule (tunica albuginea)

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2
Q

What is the thick fibrous capsule of the testes called?

A

Tunica albuginea

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3
Q

What does he tunica albuginea capsule form posteriorly?

A

The mediastinum testis

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4
Q

How does the mediastinum testis allow sperm to enter the duct system?

A

The mediastinum testis contains interconnected channels –> form a passageway for the sperm

SSREED

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5
Q

What do the strong connective tissue in he tunica albuginea do?

A

Divide the testes into 250 pyramid shaped lobules

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6
Q

What does each lobule of the testes contain?

A

1-4 highly convoluted seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

What do seminiferous tubules produce?

A

Spermatozoa

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8
Q

Where are spermatozoa produced?

A

In the seminiferous tubules inside the pyramids of the testes

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9
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules surrounded by?

A

Layer of connective tissue with flattened myofibroblasts and an inner basement membrane

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10
Q

What is the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Stratified (seminiferous epithelium)

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11
Q

What types of cell does the seminiferous tubule epithelium consist of? (2 types)

A
  1. Sertoli cells (aka supporting cells)
  2. Spermatogenic cells (germ cells)
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12
Q

Which cells are more abundant, Sertoli or Spermatogenic cells?

A

Spermatogenic

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13
Q

Where are Sertoli cells?

A

On the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule

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14
Q

How are Sertoli and Spermatogenic cells anatomically related?

A

The Sertoli cells on the BM form processes extending and surround the spermatogenic cells

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15
Q

What do the apical regions of Sertoli cells have?

A

Recesses where heads of sperms are embedded

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16
Q

How are Spermatogenic cells arranged?

A

In rows around Sertoli cells

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17
Q

Which Spermatogenic cells rest on the BM?

A

Spermatogonia (primitive spermatogenic cells)

The cells at later stages of development are at higher up levels of the epithelia nearer the lumen

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18
Q

Where Primary Spermatocytes located?

A

Adjacent to spermatogonia but nearer to the lumen

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19
Q

What do the nuclei of primary spermatocytes represent?

A

Different stages of meiosis 1

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20
Q

How do primary spermatocytes become secondary spermatocytes?

A

Meisos 1

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21
Q

What do secondary spermatocytes become after meiosis 2?

A

Spermatids

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22
Q

Where are spermatids located?

A

At the border of the lumen

Ones at top just before the spermatzoa

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23
Q

What do spermatids become when they mature?

A

Spermatozoa (sperms innit)

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24
Q

Where do the nuclei of spermatozoa embed?

A

Cytoplasm of Sertoli cells

(Tails hang into lumen of semineferous tubule)

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25
Q

Where are Leydig cells found?

A

In the connective tissue between seminiferous tubules.

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26
Q

What do leydig cells produce?

A

Testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH)

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27
Q

What is special about the nucleus of leydig cells?

A

Can contain 1-3 nucleoli

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28
Q

Where does Spermatogenesis occur?

A

In seminiferous tubules

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29
Q

Where does steroidogenesis occur?

A

In Leydig cells

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30
Q

Where are the testes contained?

A

In the scrotal sac

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31
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Layer of skin

Superficial fascia

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32
Q

What is found within the superficial fascia of the scrotum?

A

Dartos muscle

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33
Q

What is the purpose of the dartos muscle of the scrotum?

A

Regulates temperature of testes

  • Contracts –> elevates scrotum
  • Relaxes –> drops scrotum
34
Q

What is the function of the spermatic cord?

A

Suspends the testes in the scrotum

35
Q

Where does the spermatic cord extend to and from?

A

From deep inguinal ring – through the inguinal canal –> superficial inguinal ring

Ends at the posterior border of testis

36
Q

What are the contents of the spermatic cord? (8 things)

A
  1. Pampiniform Venous Plexus
  2. Ductus (Vas) Deferens
  3. Cremasteric Artery
  4. Testicular Artery
  5. Artery of Ductus (Vas) Deferens
  6. Genital Branch of Genitofemoral nerve
  7. Sympathetic nerve fibres
  8. Lymphatic vessels

Piles Don’t Contribute To A Good Sex Life

37
Q

What are the fascial coverings of the spermatic cord? (3 layers)

A
  1. Internal spermatic fascia
  2. Cremasteric fasica
  3. External spermatic fascia
38
Q

What is special about the cremasteric fascia of the spermatic cord?

A

It has loops of cremasteric muscle –> draws scrotum superior when cold (thermoregulation)

39
Q

What is the ductus (vas) deferens? (2 things)

A
  1. A continuation of the tail of the epididymis
  2. Primary component of the spermatic cord
40
Q

Where does the vas deferens extend from and to?

A
  1. From tail of epididymis
  2. Goes through inguinal canal
  3. Crosses ant. pelvic bone
  4. Runs on lateral pelvic wall
  5. Goes around bladder
  6. Forms ampulla and joins with seminal glands to form: Ejaculatory duct
41
Q

What is blood supply of the vas deferens?

A

artery of ductus (vas) deferens

42
Q

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Seminal Glands
  2. Prostsate Gland
  3. Bulbourethral Glands
43
Q

What do the Seminal Glands produce?

A

Thick alkaline fluid

44
Q

What does the seminal gland secretion contain? (2 things)

A
  1. Fructose
  2. Coagulating agent
45
Q

What percentage of the total ejaculated fluid volume is made by the seminal glands?

A

60%

46
Q

What do the seminal glands join with to form the ejaculatory duct?

A

Vas Deferens

Called ductus deferens in the pic

47
Q

Where does the ejaculatory duct extend to?

A

Runs through posterior part of prostate to join the prostatic urethra

48
Q

Which is the largest of the accessory glands?

A

Prostate gland

49
Q

What type of gland is the prostate gland?

A

Fibromuscular gland

50
Q

What is the arterial supply of the prostate gland?

A

Internal iliac artery

51
Q

What is the venous drainage of the prostate gland?

A

Prostate plexus –> drains into internal iliac vein

52
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the prostate gland?

A

Internal iliac and sacral nodes

53
Q

What are some important anatomical relations of the prostate gland?

A
  1. Base is near neck of bladder
  2. Apex in contact with superior aspect of urethral sphincter + deep perineal muscles
  3. Muscular anterior surface is part of the urethral sphincter
  4. Inferolateral surface is near levator ani
54
Q

What are some important anatomical relations of the prostate gland?

A
  1. Base is near neck of bladder
  2. Apex in contact with superior aspect of urethral sphincter + deep perineal muscles
  3. Muscular anterior surface is part of the urethral sphincter
  4. Inferolateral surface is near levator ani
55
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands found? (2 things)

A
  1. Posterolateral to membranous urethra
  2. Within the deep perineal pouch (which is in the urogenital triangle)
56
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands produce and when?

A

Clear watery secretion that lubricates urethra

Prior to ejaculation

57
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis?

A
  1. Root
  2. Body
  3. Glans
58
Q

What does the root of the penis have?

A
  1. Bulb (associated with bulbospongiosus)
  2. Crus (associated with ischiocaverous)
59
Q

What are the internal structures of the penis? (Dorsal & Ventral)

A

Dorsally: Pair of corpora cavernosa –> fills up with blood –> allows the penis to erect

Ventrally: Corpus spongiosum (surrounds urethra and prevents compression of urethra @ erection)

60
Q

What surrounds the Corpora Cavernosa?

A

Tunica albuginea (fibrous capsule)

61
Q

What is the arterial supply of the penis?

A

Internal pudendal artery gives off:

  1. Dorsal arteries of penis
  2. Bulbourethral arteries of penis
62
Q

What is the venous drainage of the penis?

A

Blood from cavernous spaces drained by venous plexus that joins deep dorsal veins of penis

63
Q

What is the nervous innervation of the penis?

A

Sensonary & Sympathetic:

S2-4 –> pedundal nerve –> dorsal nerve of penis

Parasympathetic:

Peri-prostatic nerve plexus –> Cavernous Nerves

64
Q

What are the perineal muscles of the male? (2 muscles)

A
  1. Bulbospongiosus Muscle
  2. Ischiocavernous Muscle
65
Q

What is the function of the Bulbospongiosus Muscle? (2 things)

A
  1. Compresses the bulb of penis and corpus spongiosum –> acts to empty spongy urethra of residual semen + urine
  2. Anterior fibres help maintain erections by increasing the pressure of the erectile tissue in the root of the penis
66
Q

What is the function of the Ischiocavernous muscle?

A

Forces blood from the cavernous spaces in crura (plural of crus) –> distal corpus cavernosa

This helps maintain erection and turgidity

67
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Conveys urine from the internal urethral orifice –> external urethral orifice

68
Q

What are the 4 parts of the urethra?

A
  1. Intramural part
  2. Prostatic part
  3. Intermediate (membranous) part
  4. Spongy urethra

IPIS (like I piss innit)

69
Q

Where does the Intramural part of the urethra extend through?

A

Through neck of bladder

70
Q

What is the Intramural part of the urethra surrounded by?

A

Internal urethral sphincter

71
Q

Where does the Prostatic part of the urethra descend through?

A

Through anterior prostate

72
Q

Which is the widest part of the urethra?

A

Prostatic Part

Phat Prostatic Part

73
Q

Where does the Intermediate (Membranous) part of the urethra pass through?

A

Through the perineal pouch

74
Q

Which is the least distensible (stretchy) part of the urethra?

A

Intermediate (membranous) part

Memb Never Extend (it rhymes)

75
Q

Where does the Spongy urethra pass through?

A

Through corpus spongiosum of penis

76
Q

Which is the longes part of the urethra?

A

Spongy part

Runs through the acc penis innit

77
Q

What is the Rete Testis?

A

Network of tubules in mediastinum testis

78
Q

What is the function of the Rete Testis?

A

Carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules –> efferent ductules

79
Q

What does the epididymis connect?

A

Seminiferous tubules –> Vas Deferens

(via Rete Testis and Efferent Ductules)

80
Q

What happens in the epididymis?

A

Sperm stored and matures here

81
Q

What are the 3 parts of the epididymis?

A
  1. Head
  2. Body (convoluted ducts)
  3. Tail

ETA 4: REPRODUCTION (10 decks)

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