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Chemistry Part 2 > CHEM CH 12: Part 1 > Flashcards

CHEM CH 12: Part 1 Flashcards

Solutions, Acids, Bases, Salts, Molarity, Concentration/strength, Saturation, Electrolytes

1
Q

__: the homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single physical state.

A

Solution

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2
Q

__: Substances combined physically

A

Mixture

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3
Q

__: substance into which the substance dissolves.

A

Solvent

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4
Q

__: Substance that dissolves into the solvent.

A

Solute

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5
Q

True or false.

There can be only one solute, but more than one solvent.

A

False, there can be only 1 solvent, and more than one solute.

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6
Q

How can you tell which is the solvent and solute if the two solution are in the same state?

A

The solvent is the one that retains its state ( even if solute is in a differ state). If the states differ then the one with more of is solvent.

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7
Q

True of False

The solute will continue to dissolve until the solution is full of solute.

A

True

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8
Q 
Solute/Solvent                     Example
Solid/Solid
Solid/liquid
liquid/liquid
gas/liquid
liquid/gas
gas/gas
A
  • (Steel ( solute= Carbon, Solvent= iron))-
  • Sugar water
  • gas ( grain alcohol+ gasoline) paint (oil+pigment), alcoholic beverages (water+alcohol).
  • (Carbon dioxide dissolved in water=)soda, oxygen dissolves in h20 = coldwater fish take in 02)
  • atmosphere (water vapor dissolved in nitrogen.
  • atmosphere ( oxygen/ CO2 dissolved in N2)
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9
Q

Solutions can be classified as:
__: the solution contains the maximum amount of solute dissolvable at that temperature. (heat index)
__: the solution contains less that the maximum amount of solute.
__: the solution contains more than the maximum amount of solute by manipulating the temperature.

A

Saturated
Unsaturated
Super-Saturated

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10
Q

Depending on the amount of solute needed to saturate a solution, solutes can be classified as __ or __.

A

soluble or insoluble

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11
Q

To test if something is saturated you..

Explain our experiment with a supersaturated solution and what happened.

A

do the add a little more test, start at room temp → warmed up because we broke the equilibrium and the stored heat is released.

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12
Q 
Solution Concentration
1. \_\_: concentrated vs.dilute
concentrated:...... dilute:.......
2.\_\_: 
A.) Percent for retail/ commercial solutions.
B.) Molarity for solution stoichiometry
A

Qualitative
Concentrate lots of solute ( the ratio favors the solute) in little solvent.
Dilute: little bit of solute in more solvent (to dilute means to add more solvent).

Quantitative, % component= (amount of component/ amount of solution)*100
M= (Moles solute/ volume of solution in L)

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13
Q

__: the ability of a substance to allow the passage/movement of charge. Solutes can be classified as

a. ) __: a solute whose aqueous solution does not conduct electricity due to the absence of charged particles. Common examples include ?.
b. ) __: a solute whose aqueous solution conducts electricity due to the presence of charged particles (ions).

A

Electrical conductivity
non electrolytes, sugars and alcohols
electrolyte

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14
Q

There are two types of electrolytes

  1. __: the solution is a good conductor of electricity. Upon dissolving, the solute dissociates completely. Common examples are..
  2. __: the solution is a poor conductor of electricity. Upon dissolving the solute dissociates partially. Common examples include
A

strong
strong acids:HCl→H+1 Cl-1, HBr, HI, H(NO3), H2(SO4), H(ClO4). AND strong bases: alkali metal hydroxide(BaOH).
Weak
weak acids, weak bases: ammonia and amines.

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15
Q

Alkali Metal

A

Column 1 excluding H on the periodic table.

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16
Q

Dissolve

A

going into a solution

17
Q

Dissociate

A

sperate into ions upon dissolving.

18
Q

__: the pressure exerted by those liquid particles that have escaped into the vapor state.
The vapor pressure of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.

A

Vapor pressure

19
Q

__: temperature at which the vapor pressure (EVP) of the liquid equals the restraining pressure on a liquid.
Which has a higher boiling pt? ( sugar h20 or pure h20?). if you raise the temp to boil the sugar water this is known as the

A

Boiling point
Sugar water because the water+ sugar is at 100 C, EVP of pure water is 760, and EVP of sugar water is less than 760… boiling point elevation.

20
Q

The boiling point of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is __ than the boiling point of the pure solvent.

A

higher

21
Q

__: the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the solid equals the vapor pressure of the liquid.
Which has a lower freezing point ( water or salt water?)

A

Freezing point
salt water because less has to escape to vapor state to equal a liquid state. This effect is known as freezing point depression.

22
Q

The freezing point of a solution containing a non-volatile solution is__ than the pure salt.
Ex:

A

lower

Salt water solutions to delay the process on high ways and antifreeze (radiator fuel), engine coolant

23
Q

__: a measure of relative acidity or alkalinity of a material.
ACID:

A

pH

6 and below, farther away from 7 means more acidic.

24
Q
  1. __ said an acid is any substance whose aqueous solution contains H+1. A bas is any substance whose aqueous solution contain OH-1.
A

Arrhenius

25
Q

__: said an acid is any substance that donates a proton ( proton donor.A base is any substance that accepts a proton (proton acceptor).

A

Bronsted Lowry

26
Q

Bronsted Lowry Acid Base Pairs

A

HCl(g)+ H20 (l) →H3)+1+Cl-1

NH3(g)+H20(l)+ NH4+1+ OH-1

27
Q

In general: the Conjugate Base of an acid= acid…

the conjugate acid of a base= base..

A

-H+1

+H+1

28
Q

Acids are named in relation to the endings of the anions combined with.. to form acids.

A

hydrogen

29
Q

those bases containing metal cations and the hydroxide anion are named

  • hydro..ic acid=
  • ous acid=
  • ic acid=
A

ide
ite
ate

30
Q

Those bases to ammonia can be named as the __ of the alkyl hydrocarbon group attached to the nitrogen.

A

amine

31
Q

__: how much dissolved

A

1 M or more (CONCENTRATION)

32
Q

Strong acids and bases __% dissociate into ions. Weak acids and bases … dissociate and it goes in one piece.

A

100, very little

33
Q

Logarithm is an __

A

exponent.

Chemistry Part 2 (6 decks)

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