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M9✅ > 9.1 (General) and 9.2 (Human performance) > Flashcards

9.1 (General) and 9.2 (Human performance) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is human factors also known as

A

ergonomics

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2
Q

When did human factors become a point of concern following a series of major accidents

A

between 1980s and 1990s

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3
Q

What is human factors

A

Study of human capabilities and limitations in the workplace

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4
Q

In 1940, it was calculated that approximately 70% of all aircraft accidents were linked to a persons performance (e.g. human error) (T or F)

A

True

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5
Q

Who conducted a study in 1998, investigating 621 global fatal accidents between 1980 and 1996

A

UK CAA

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6
Q

explain clinical psychology

A

Studying and applying psychological theory

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7
Q

explain experimental psychology

A

covers a variety of basic behavioural processes (often studied in laboratory environment)

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8
Q

what is the % of maintenance and inspection deficiencies

A

12%

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9
Q

explain anthropometrics

A

study of dimensions and abilities of human body

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10
Q

explain cognitive science

A
  • many levels of analysis
  • from low level learning and decision mechanisms to high level logic and planning
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11
Q

explain safety engineering

A

life critical system behaves as needed, when component fails

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12
Q

explain medical science

A
  • art of healing
  • variety of healthcare practices
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13
Q

explain organisational psychology

A

concerned with relations between people and work

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14
Q

explain educational psychology

A

Study how people learn and use this to design educational content and materials

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15
Q

explain industrial engineering

A

Organised approach to the study of work. (e.g. must set reasonable work standards)

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16
Q

Who developed the ‘Dirty Dozen’ and when

A

Gordon Dupont (1993)

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17
Q

Explain what happened in BA flight 5390

A
  • Incorrect bolts installed due to staff shortage
  • Windscreen replaced before flight and was blown out due to cabin pressure
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18
Q

Explain Murphy’s Law

A

If something can go wrong, sooner or later it will go wrong

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19
Q

Explain the cornea

A
  • clear window, at front of the eye, which allows light to enter
  • responsible for 70-80% of total focusing ability of the eye
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20
Q

Explain Iris and Pupil

A
  • Iris (coloured part of eye) controls amount of light that enters eye by varying size of pupil (dark area at centre)
  • amount of light can be adjusted by a factor of 5:1
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21
Q

Explain the lens

A
  • After passing through pupil, light passes through the lens
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22
Q

What is accomodation?

A

Ciliary muscles in the lens change their shape to adjust the level of focus, so it can create a sharp image on the retina

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23
Q

To focus on a close object ?
- Lens flattened
- Lens thickened

A

Lens thickened

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24
Q

To focus on a distant point ?
- Lens flattened
- Lens thickened

A

Lens flattened

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25
Explain the retina
- located back of eyeball - Comprises a complex layer of nerve cells connected to the optic nerve
26
What are the 2 types of light sensitive cells contained in a retina
- cones and rods
27
Explain Cones
- function in good light - can detect fine detail and are colour sensitive
28
Explain Rods
- cannot detect colour - poor at distinguishing fine detail - good at detecting movement on the edge of the visual field
29
Which light sensitive cell is more sensitive at lower light levels
Cones
30
As light decreases, rods take over from cones (T or F)
T
31
Explain Fovea
- small depression at the centre of the retina that is responsible for central vision
32
Fovea contains many cones and is the point at which visual acuity is highest (T or F)
T
33
How much more times is the eye sensitive than the ear
x24
34
What is visual acuity
eyes ability to perceive sharp detail at varying distances
35
explain Hypermetropia (long sightedness)
- caused by shorter than normal eyeball (causes image to be formed behind the retina)
36
explain myopia (short sightedness)
- Occurs when eyeball is longer than normal (Causes image to form in front of the retina)
37
what is cataracts
- clouding of lens (ageing)
38
What is astigmatism
misshapen cornea (distorts visual perception)
39
what is glaucoma
- build up in pressure of the fluid within the eye (can damage optic nerve and cause blindness)
40
what is migraine
- severe headaches that cause visual distubance
41
What is Presbyopia
- loss of lens flexibility with age - form of long-sightedness
42
what affects does smoking have to the eye (also known as hypoxia)?
- build up of carbon monoxide in bloodstream, which reduces oxygen to eyes
43
Which 2 colours is the most difficult to distinguish
red and green
44
In rarer cases, which 2 colours are difficult to distinguish
blue and yellow
45
What 2 functions does the ear perform
- detecting sounds by receiving vibrations in the air - Monitoring balance and sensing acceleration
46
Middle ear contains 2 muscles, which offer protection against sounds above 80db by using the acoustic or aural reflex (T or F)
T
47
What are the 3 small bones called the ossicles
hammer, anvil, and stirrup
48
The acoustic or aural reflex can reduce noise level by up to
20db (protection only lasts 15 minutes, does not protect against sudden impulse noise)
49
which part of the ear is filled with fluid
Inner ear
50
A young person can typically hear sounds between ____ cycles per second or Hz
20 - 20,000
51
Ear plugs reduce the noise by
up to 20db
52
Ear defenders reduce the noise by
up to 40db
53
Employees must always wear hearing protection for noise above
115db
54
Level of damage is influenced by the intensity of the noise, this is known as
Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)
55
What is presbycusis
Hearing deteriorates naturally with age
56
What is Iconic memory
provides smooth stream of visual information to the brain
57
What is Echoic memory
Registers sound
58
explain selective attention
- person monitoring serveral sources of input but focuses on source(s) that's more important
59
explain divided attention
people required to do more than one thing at the same time
60
explain focussed attention
Channeling your attention towards a single source and avoiding distraction
61
explain sustained attention
- ability to maintain concentration and remain alert over long periods (Usually on one task)
62
How can perception be defined
Process of assembling sensations into a usable mental representation of the world
63
explain encoding (Input of information to memory)
input of information into the memory system
64
What is short term memory also known as
working memory
65
Explain short term memory
- relatively small amount of information at one time (e.g. 5-9 items and for 10-20 seconds)
66
what is claustrophobia
abnormal fear of being in an enclosed space
67
What is Acrophobia
Fear of working at heights
68
What is sensory memory (Ultra-short memory)
Brief storage, up to a couple of seconds
69
What is storage?
creation of a permanent record of information
70
How can short term memory be improved
Splitting information into 'chunks'
71
What is long term memory
Continuous storage of info where the storage capacity has no limits
72
what 2 information does long term memory cover
- Semantic memory - Episodic memory
73
What is retrieval
getting information out of memory storage
74
What are the 4 types of attention
Selective Divided Sustained Focussed

M9✅ (7 decks)

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