9.1 Glycolysis

Question 1

What is the general end result of glycolysis?

Answer 1

Splits one glucose into two pyruvates

Question 2

Glucose Molecular Formula

Answer 2

C6 H12 O6

Question 3

Flux

Answer 3

How things work; controlled by enzyme activity and substrate levels

Question 4

What is the influx and efflux of glycolysis?

Answer 4

Glucose influx and pyruvate efflux

Question 5

How can multiple reactions be coupled?

Answer 5

Through a common intermediate

Question 6

Negative delta G

Answer 6

Exergonic, favorable, spontaneous

Question 7

Positive delta G

Answer 7

Endergonic, unfavorable, not spontaneous

Question 8

What are the three types of sugar projections?

Answer 8

Fischer, Haworth, and Chair

Question 9

Why is there a sweet taste to sugars?

Answer 9

GCPRs binding on the tongue (G coupled protein receptors), neuronal signals. Affinity for receptors determines sweetness

Question 10

Aldose

Answer 10

have aldehyde at C1

Question 11

Ketose

Answer 11

have ketone at C1

Question 12

How are monosaccharides named?

Answer 12

According to the number of C’s: triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose

Question 13

What is special about the middle carbons of monosaccharides?

Answer 13

They are chiral

Question 14

Enantiomers

Answer 14

Mirror images that are not superimposable. Lack a plane of symmetry; Two types - L and D

Question 15

What determines enantiomeric configuration?

Answer 15

OH on last chiral carbon

Question 16

D-Glucose

Answer 16

last OH on right of Fischer

Question 17

L-Glucose

Answer 17

last OH on left of Fischer

Question 18

Epimers

Answer 18

Differ by one chiral carbon

Question 19

When are 5-7 carbon monosaccharides more stable as rings?

Answer 19

in aqueous solutions; form spontaneously through bonding carbonyl with hydroxyl

Question 20

Aldoses form?

Answer 20

hemiacetals

Question 21

Ketoses form?

Answer 21

hemiketals

Question 22

6 membered rings are called

Answer 22

pyranose

Question 23

5 membered rings are called

Answer 23

furanose

Question 24

Anomers

Answer 24

Differ by anomeric carbon or carbonyl carbon of sugars

Question 25

alpha anomer

Answer 25

OH down on ring

Question 26

Beta anomer

Answer 26

OH up on ring

Question 27

What is the anomeric carbon always attached to?

Answer 27

2 oxygens

Question 28

Right side of the fischer projection will be?

Answer 28

Down on the ring

Question 29

Left side of the fischer projection will be?

Answer 29

Up on the ring

Question 30

What are the two types of simple sugars?

Answer 30

monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 31

Reducing sugars

Answer 31

have at least one reducing end, aldehyde as reductant, open chair form, free anomeric carbon

Question 32

Non-reducing sugars

Answer 32

cannot reduce oxidizing agents, no free anomeric carbon, anomeric carbon can not be isomerized into an aldehyde

Question 33

Disaccharides can be reducing sugars if..

Answer 33

have at least one reducing end

Question 34

Reducing ends have..

Answer 34

a free anomeric carbon

Question 35

Nonreducing ends have..

Answer 35

anomeric carbon in a glycosidic bond

Question 36

Naming disaccharides

Answer 36

1. start from the nonreducing end with first monosacchride 2. abbreviation of M1 3. anomeric configuration of M1 4. carbon number of linkage in M1 5. Single arrow for single reducing and double arrow for nonreducing 6. Add anomeric configuration for M2 if needed 7. carbon number of glycosidic linkage in M2 8. abbreviation for M2

Question 37

Glucose abbreviation

Answer 37

Glc

Question 38

Fructose abbreviation

Answer 38

Fru

Question 39

Galactose abbreviation

Answer 39

Gal