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HUBS192 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vascular system

A

Closed, continuous supply and drainage

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2
Q

Lymphatic vascular system

A

Open-entry, one-way drainage system

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3
Q

Supply situated…

A

Avoid damage

Deep and on the flexor aspect of limbs

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4
Q

Heart shape

A

Blunt, cone shape

Apex and base

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5
Q

Point of max impulse

A

Midclavicular line b/w 5/6 rib

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6
Q

Heart positioning

A

Rotated to left
Base tilted posterior
Right ventricle to sternum

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7
Q

Layers of heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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8
Q

Endocardium structure

A

Simple squamous epithelium
Loose irregular FCT
Small blood vessels
Punkinje fibers

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9
Q

FCT

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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10
Q

Endocardium strength

A

Different orientation of FCT

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11
Q

Myocardium (left)

A

1.5 cm x3 thicker vs right
Supply systemic circuit
Long distance = greater force

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12
Q

Myocardium (right)

A

0.5 cm

Supply pulmonary circuit

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13
Q

Epicardium

A

Viscaral pericardium
Blood vessels
Loose irregular FCT
Adipose

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14
Q

Visceral pericardium is

A

part of the pericardium fused with epicardium

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15
Q

Pericardium function

A

Sack that surrounds the heart

Lubricated, prevents roughing and friction

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16
Q

Pericardium layers

A

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium

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17
Q

Serous pericardium layers

A

Parietal - outer
Visceral - inner (epicardium)
Pericardial cavity

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18
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Dense irregular FCT

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19
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Right - tricuspid valve

Left - bicuspid valve

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20
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

During systole
Attached to free edge of AV leaflets
Prevents prolapsing into atrium chamber

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21
Q

Papillary muscle

A

Systole
Tension on leaflet before chamber fills
Controlled closing

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22
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary and aortic valve

3 cusps

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23
Q

Cardiomyocytes appearance

A 
Straited
Short, irregular branched sarcomeres
1 central nucleus per cell
Interconnected via intercalated disks
8 - 10 micron (um)
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24
Q

Cardiomyocytes function

A

Beating of heart
Best gas exchange
20% mitochondria cell vol

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25
Q

Cardiomyocytes gas exchange

A

RBC travel in single file

Limiting distance b/w capillaries and muscle cell

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26
Q

ICDS

A

Adhesion belt
Desomosome
Gap junction

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27
Q

Adhesion belt

A

Actin to actin via transmembrane proteins

Physical propagation

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28
Q

Desmosomes

A

Cytokeratin to cytokeratin (flexible skeleton inside)

Perpendicular to force

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29
Q

Gap junction

A

B/w cells (level with mitochondria)
Electrochemical communication
Synchronise cells to function together

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30
Q

Skeletal muscle appearance

A

Nucleus pushed to periperal
2% mitchondria
No ICDs

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31
Q

Punkinje cells appearance

A

Started as contractile cardiac cell, to communicating cell
Central nucleus
1% cardiac cells

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32
Q

Punkinje cells function

A

Increase energy - mitochondria/glycogen

Communicating - many gap junctions

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33
Q

Blood vessels layers

A

Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia

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34
Q

Tunica Intima layers

A

Endothelium
Sub-endothelium
Internal elastic lamina (IEL)

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35
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium
Lines lumen
Delicate

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36
Q

Sub-endothelium

A

Loose FCT

Support endothelium

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37
Q

Internal elastic lamina

A

Condensed elastic tissue
Well developed in arteries
Stores energy
Dampens pressure

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38
Q

Tunica Media

A

Smooth muscle
Connective tissue - elastin, collagen
Thickness proportional diameter, b.p

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39
Q

Tunica Adventitia

A 
Loose FCT (high collagen, some elastin)
Contains vasa vasorum, lymphatics, autonomic nerves
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40
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

Supply nutrients to blood vessel wall

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41
Q

Veins features

A

Irregular, flattened
Large lumen, thin walls
Venous valves
Large vol, low pressure

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42
Q

Veins function

A

Capacitance vessel - uptake extra blood

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43
Q

Veins layers

A

Tunica intima, media, adventitia

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44
Q

Veins tunica media

A 
Thinner vs arteries 
Smooth muscles (2 layers)
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45
Q

Veins tunica adventitia

A

Thickest layer

Diameter limiting - stops uptake of too much blood

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46
Q

Venous valves function

A

Stop backflow of blood

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47
Q

Venous reflex

A

Faulty valves

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48
Q

Capillaries structure

A

Very thin walls
Large CSA
Slow, smooth blood flow

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49
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Smooth muscle cells
Involuntary
Regulate flow through shunt (restrict side branches)

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50
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Common
8 - 10 microns (um)
Continuous basement membrane

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51
Q

Basal laminar

A

Stick cell to underlying of tissue

52
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Small holes, too small for RBC, etc…
Continuous basement membrane
8 - 10 microns (um)

53
Q

Sinusoidal

A

30 - 40 microns ( 3 - 4 RBC)
Incomplete basement membrane, intercellular gap (gas exchange)
Force cells against walls (not too leaky)

54
Q

Lymph vascular system function

A

Drain excess fluid from tissue and return to blood
Activate immune response
Absorbs fat from intestine

55
Q

Lymphatic vessels structure

A

Large, thin walls
No RBC
Valves
Porous

56
Q

Draining in small intestines

A

Lacteals drain fat-laden lymph into cisterna chyli

57
Q

Left side and bottom half of right lymph channel

A

Lymphatic collecting vessels
Thoracic duct
Left subclavian vein

58
Q

Upper right lymph channel

A

Right lymphatic duct

Right subclavian vein

59
Q

Cardiovascular system

A 
Unidirectional
In series
2 circuits
Arterial blood from heart
Venous blood to heart
60
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Arteries deoxygenated

Veins oxygenated

61
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Arteries oxygenated

Veins deoxygenated

62
Q

Contraction and Relaxation caused by

A

Ca2+ = cross-bridges = force

All myocytes activated with each heartbeat

63
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

64
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

65
Q

Systolic b.p

A

High

120

66
Q

Diastolic b.p

A

Low

80

67
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Difference b/w systolic and diastolic

68
Q

Mean b.p

A

Av pressure during cardiac cycle

Below mid-way point (more time in diastole)

69
Q

Systemic

A

Measured, higher vs pulmonary

70
Q

Hypertension

A

High b.p

71
Q

Hypotension

A

Low b.p

72
Q

Flow =

A

Change in pressure/Resistance

73
Q

Electrical cells

A

1%
‘Pale’ striated appearence
Low actin and myosin
Rapid

74
Q

Contractile cells

A

99%
Striated appearance
High actin and myosin

75
Q

A.P propagation

A

Depolarisation at SAN

Spread to adjacent cells via gap junctions from conduction to contractile

76
Q

Gap junction where

A

Conduction pathway
B/w electrical and contractile
B/w contractile

77
Q

Benefit of gap junction

A

Increase speed of impulse

All cardiac cell acts as one - functional syncytium

78
Q

Pacemaker

A

SA node

Continuously independently send out electrical signal to pump heart

79
Q

AV node function

A

Holds signal from SA node

Ensure atria contracts & builds pressure

80
Q

Why do Punkinje fibres move up sides of heart

A

Most efficient way for moving blood from bottom to top

81
Q

Depolarization

A

Electrical change

Signal arrives

82
Q

Repolarization

A

Signal moved through

Returns to psition before signal

83
Q

Lubb

A

AV valves close

84
Q

Dupp

A

Semilunar valves close

85
Q

MAP =

A

CO x TPR

86
Q

CO =

A

SV x HR

87
Q

Homeostasis b.p how?

A

Brain - pace of heartbeat
Via brainstem
Afferent input - CNS & ‘periphery’
Efferent output - Heart & blood vessels

88
Q

What and where are baroreceptors?

A

B.p sensors
Aorta and carotid artery in neck
Walls of vessels

89
Q

How does baroreceptors sense change in b.p?

A

Stretch
Normally constant signalling
Drop in stretch = less signals
Increase in stretch = more signals

90
Q

Decrease b.p

A

Parasympathetic
Decrease heart rate
SA node - slow down
AV node - longer pauses

91
Q

Parasympathetic pathway (b.p)

A

Medulla oblongata
Vagua nerve
Heart

92
Q

Increase b.p

A 
Sympathetic
Increase heart rate and force of contraction
SA - faster
AV - shorter
Punkinje and myocytes - stronger
93
Q

Sympathetic pathway (b.p)

A 
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Sympathetic cardiac nerve 
Ganglion
Heart
94
Q

Distribution of cardiac output

A

Parallel

Varies with exercise

95
Q

With exercise

A

Brain constant
Increase: heart, skin, skeletal muscle
Decrease: kidney, GI tract, other tissues

96
Q

Exercise MAP

A

CO increase, TPR decrease

97
Q

TPR controlled

A

Arterioles

R = 1/r^4

98
Q

Rule of 16

A

Resistance of flow changes by a factor of 16

99
Q

Vasodiluation

A

Smooth muscle relax

Increase vessel

100
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrow lumen

101
Q

How blood flow controlled

A

High pressure

Greater range and control of change in flow

102
Q

Compliance

A

Extent to which a vessel allows deformation in response to applied force

103
Q

Need for extra blood?

A

Reduce lose of blood from system due to injury

104
Q

Venoconstriction

A

Restore arterial blood

105
Q

Arteries compliance

A

Low

Low vol change under high pressure

106
Q

Veins compliance

A

High

High vol change under low pressure change

107
Q

Compliance equation

A

Change in vol/change in pressure

108
Q

Venous valves

A

Even distribution

Unidirectional

109
Q

Skeletal muscle tone

A

Stiffens veins

Contractions increase ‘venous return’ to heart and SV

110
Q

Starling’s Law of the Heart

A

More stretched musclefibres before contraction, the stronger the contraction will be

111
Q

% of blood in veins

A

2/3

112
Q

Key function of blood

A

Transport
Immune
Coagulation

113
Q

Transport in

A

O2, H2O, nutrients
Ions
Hormones

114
Q

Tranport out

A

CO2, waste products

Heat

115
Q

Immune

A

Fight infection

WBC

116
Q

Coagulation

A

Prevent bleeding and pathogen entering body

Platelets and ‘coagulation factors’

117
Q

Blood composition

A

Plasma 55%

Formed elements 45%

118
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells

Initiated in red bone marrow

119
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

Progenitors for all blood cells

120
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Stimulates RBC formation

121
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Generation of RBC

122
Q

RBC physical characteristics

A

Biconcave disc
Large SA:V
Flexibility for movment through narrow capillaries
1/3 - hemoglobin

123
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of RBC

124
Q

Anemic

A

Not enough RBC

125
Q

Polycythemic

A

Too much RBC

126
Q

Training in high altitudes

A

Decrease RBC
Kidney release EPO
Increases RBC, greater oxygen capacity

127
Q

EPO augmented by

A

Testosterone

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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