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LECOM MS1 Histology > Histology 1 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Histology 1 (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of

A

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in the membrane

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2
Q

How are the molecules of the phospholipid bilayer arranged

A

Polar-hydrophilic heads facing outwards

non-polar hydrophobic tails facing inwards

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3
Q

What are the different types of membrane proteins associated with the lipid bilayer

A

Peripheral proteins

Integral proteins

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4
Q

What are peripheral proteins

A

proteins that are embedded in just one of the membranes

integral proteins span the membrane completely

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5
Q

What lipid helps maintain fluidity of the lipid bilayer

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

What are the two faces of the plasma membrane

A

extracellular (e-face)

protoplasmic (p-face)

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7
Q

Are the p-face and e-face identical

A

no, they have different proteins on each face

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8
Q

What are the types of integral membrane proteins

A 
Channels
Pump
Enzymes
Receptors
Linker
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9
Q

What is the function of Channel proteins

A

opens a gate and allows molecules to flow through, down its gradient

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10
Q

What is the function of pump proteins

A

spans entire plasma cells and moves things between internal and external environments

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11
Q

What is the function of receptor proteins

A

ligand binds to receptor and creates and intercellular conformation change that activates a signaling cascade

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12
Q

What is the function of enzyme proteins

A

to speed up reactions

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13
Q

What is the function of linker proteins

A

associated with plasma membrane and interact with proteins that span plasma membrane

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14
Q

What are the different methods of transport across a plasma membrane

A

Channel
Carrier
Diffusion

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15
Q

What is the method of channel transport

A

small molecules (usually ions) flow through, down its gradient

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16
Q

What is the method of carrier transport

A

Molecules are carried across a membrane, can be active or passive, is highly selective

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17
Q

What is active transport

A

requires the use of ATP or energy

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18
Q

What is passive transport

A

does not need energy to proceed

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19
Q

What is the method of diffusion

A

small, hydrophobic molecules can diffuse through the plasma membrane without the help of a protein

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20
Q

What are the types of vesicular transport

A

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

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21
Q

What is endocytosis

A

bringing things from outside the cell in

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22
Q

What is exocytosis

A

bringing things from inside the cell out

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23
Q

What are the types of endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated

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24
Q

What are the types of exocytosis

A

constitutive

regulated

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25
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”

cell nonspecifically takes up molecules through invaginating the plasma membrane

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26
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

performed by certain cells (neutrophils, macrophages) that engulf bacteria or pathogens and bring them into the cell to be killed

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27
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

ligand binds to receptor, activates adaptin to make a vesicle from the plasma membrane (may require use of clathrin),
receptors and ligand are brought inside the cell
sorted before sent to lysosome

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28
Q

What is constitutive exocytosis

A

cell releases products as they are made, constant fusing of vesicles with the plasma membrane

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29
Q

What is regulated exocytosis

A

there must be a signal to tell the cell to secrete product at a certain time

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30
Q

For phagocytosis, what must be rearranged in order for phagocytosis to occur

A

actin cytoskeleton of the cell

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31
Q

How does clathrin coated pits form

A

during receptor-mediated endocytosis
ligand binds to receptor will activate adaptin
adaptin will then recruit clathrin to plasma membrane to form clathrin coated pit that will generate vessicle for endocytosis

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32
Q

Clathrin dependent is what

A

requires clathrin for vesicle formation

33
Q

What is clathrin independent

A

does not require clathrin for vesicle formation

34
Q

What is an endosome

A

larger vesicle within the cell that becomes more acidic as it matures
(becomes lysosome)

35
Q

What is the function of early endosomes

A

sort and recycle proteins

36
Q

What is the pH of early endosomes

A

pH 6.2-6.5

37
Q

What is the function late endosomes

A

pre-lysosomes

38
Q

What is the pH of late endosomes

A

pH of 5.5

39
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A

degrade molecules from endocytic pathways and autophagy

40
Q

What is the pH of lysosomes

A

4.7

41
Q

What is contained within a lysosome

A

diverse array of acid hydrolases that become active when the pH reaches 5

42
Q

What are the types of acid hydrolases/ enzymes in a lysosome

A 
proteases
nucleases
lipases
phospholipases
glycosylases
sulfatase
phosphatases
43
Q

What type of proteins are seen in lysosomal membranes

A

lysosome-associated membrane proteins,

glycoproteins, other integral membrane proteins

44
Q

Why is the pH of lysosomes important

A

that is when the enzymes will work, if they spill into cell they won’t work

45
Q

What are the four pathways that can lead to intracellular digestion

A

pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
autophagy

46
Q

What is autophagy

A

when cells self eat material, recycles component within the cell

47
Q

Other than lysosomes, how might single polypeptides and proteins be degraded within a cell

A

non-membraneous structures in cytoplasm called proteasomes

48
Q

What are the features of Tay-Sach’s disease

A

Cherry red macula
loss of vision and hearing
muscle atrophy due to loss of nervous tissue
early death by 5y

49
Q

What is deficient in Tay-Sach’s disease

A

Hexosaminadase deficient

50
Q

What accumulates in Tay-Sach’s disease

A

Ganglioside GM2 accumulates in neurons

51
Q

What are the characteristics of I-cell disease

A

skeletal abnormalities
hepatomegaly
mental retardation due to abnormal cellular architecture
early death by 5 y

52
Q

What is deficient in I-cell disease

A

N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phophotransferase

53
Q

What accumulates in I-cell disease

A

lysosomal hydrolases not phosphorylated in Golgi, get secreted instead

54
Q

What are the characteristics of Niemann-Pick disease

A

hepatosplenomegaly
neurodegeneration
progressive wasting due to sphingomyelin accumulation in all cells
early death often by 3y

55
Q

What is deficient in Niemann Pick disease

A

Sphingomyelinase

56
Q

What accumulates in Niemann Pick disease

A

Sphingomyelin

57
Q

What are characteristics of Gaucher disease

A

affects the spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow due to accumulation of glucosylceramide in cells of the macrophage-monocyte system

58
Q

What is deficient in Gaucher disease

A

Beta-glucocerebrosidase

59
Q

What accumulates in Gaucher disease

A

glucosylceramide

60
Q

What enzymes are contained within peroxisomes

A

catalase and peroxidase

61
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes

A

break down peroxide

62
Q

What cells are peroxisomes abundant in

A

liver and kidney cells

63
Q

What processes are peroxisomes involved in

A

beta oxidation of fatty acids (long chain)

detoxification of ethanol

synthesis of plasmalogens: maintain membrane integrity in CNS

64
Q

What causes Zellweger syndrome

A

Nonfunctional peroxisomes

65
Q

What are the features of Zellweger syndrome

A

CNS demyelination

early death

66
Q

What occurs due to nonfunctional peroxisomes

A

inability to import proteins to peroxisomes and accumulation of long-chain fatty acids;

mutation in gene encoding the integral membrane protein Pex2; demyelination in CNS

67
Q

When will constitutive endocytosis occur

A

antibodies

68
Q

When will regulated endocytosis occur

A

endocrine, neurons

69
Q

Which is seen more, constitutive or regulated endocytosis

A

regulated

70
Q

How will secreted proteins be handled

A

become integral membrane proteins , or will be membrane bound/part of an organelle, are synthesized on rough ER ribosomes and then trafficked to the proper location based on signal sequence within the polypeptide chain

71
Q

What will result from an a1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency

A

a single amino acid substitution renders the rER unable to export (A1AT). Leads to decreased activity of A1AT in the blood and lungs and abnormal deposition of defective A1AT within the rER of liver hepatocytes, resulting in emphysema and impaired liver function

72
Q

What is the function of rER

A

synthesize proteins and secretion

73
Q

What cells are rER prominent in

A

Secretory cells

74
Q

What cells are sER abundant in

A

hepatocytes

75
Q

What is the function of sER

A

cells that function in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and steroid synthesis

76
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

post translational modification, sorting, packaging proteins

77
Q

Where are the two faces of the golgi apparatus found

A

cis- closest to nucleus

trans- towards outside, further from nucleus

78
Q

How does mitochondria generate ATP

A

oxidative phosphorylation
TCA
beta oxidation of fatty acids

79
Q

What cells will lack mitochondria

A

RBCs and terminal keratinocytes

LECOM MS1 Histology (8 decks)

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