S2 - Cell Structure

Question 1

What are organelles?

Answer 1

Organelles are structures inside prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells which have specific functions.

Question 2

Which cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells?

Answer 2

Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells.

Question 3

Which cells are small and simple cells and include bacteria?

Answer 3

Prokaryotic cells are smaller, simpler and include bacteria.

Question 4

Which organelles do animal and plant cells have in common?

Answer 4

• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell surface Membrane
• Mitochondria

Question 5

Which organelles are exclusive to plant cells?

Answer 5

• Rigid Cell Wall made of Cellulose
• Vacuole containing cell sap
• Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll, found in green parts of the leaves

Question 6

What organelles do Prokaryotic cells not contain?

Answer 6

Prokaryotic cells do not contain:

• Mitochondria
• Nucleus
• Chloroplasts

Question 7

Where is DNA held in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 7

In prokaryotic cells, Genetic data floats freely in the Cytoplasm or is held in rings of DNA called ‘plasmids’

Question 8

What do some prokaryotic cells have that will allow them to move?

Answer 8

Some prokaryotic cells have a flagellum which rotates, allowing them to move freely

Question 9

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 9

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. They are the sites of aerobic respiration involving water and glucose - providing energy for the cell.

Question 10

What are the images recorded by an electron microscope called?

Answer 10

An image recorded by an electron microscope is called an ELECTRON MICROGRAPH

Question 11

Name 4 things visible with a light microscope in both animal and plant cells

Answer 11

• Cell Membrane
• Mitochondria
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus

Question 12

Which type of microscope shows the detailed ultrastructure of a cell?

Answer 12

An ELECTRON MICROSCOPE can show the detailed ultrastructure of a cell

Question 13

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 13

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 14

What does DNA encode?

Answer 14

DNA is the CODED INFORMATION NEEDED FOR MAKING PROTEINS

Question 15

What is the formula for aerobic respiration? and which organelle is responsible for doing it.

Answer 15

GLUCOSE + OXYGEN > CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + (ENERGY)

the MITOCHONDRIA turns the energy in glucose into energy the cell can use through aerobic respiration

Question 16

Which organelle acts as the CONTROL CENTRE of the cell?

Answer 16

The NUCLEUS is the control centre of the cell

Question 17

Describe the membranes of a mitochondrion

Answer 17

Mitochondrien have a SMOOTH outer membrane and a FOLDED inner membrane (inside is matrix)

Question 18

Name the molecule used to provide energy for processes in the cell.

Answer 18

The molecule used to provide ENERGY for processes within the cell is are MITOCHONDRIA

Question 19

Name the molecule that is found in bundles in PLANT CELL WALLS, and what they form?

Answer 19

The molecule found in bundles in plant cell walls is CELLULOSE .

They form long, straight structures which lay side by side to form MICROFIBRILS

Question 20

Name two types of molecule that make up the CELL MEMBRANE.

Answer 20

Two types of molecule making up the cell membrane are:

• Phospholipid molecules
• protein molecules

Question 21

Give 4 ways substances can cross cell membranes

Answer 21

Substances can CROSS CELL MEMBRANES through:

• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Facilitated Diffusion
• Active Transport

Question 22

What do you call the diffusion of water molecules through the cell membrane?

Answer 22

The diffusion of water molecules through the cell membrane is called OSMOSIS.

Question 23

Give another term for the concentration of water molecules.

Answer 23

Another term for the concentration of water molecules is WATER POTENTIAL. (high concentration of water = high water potential)

Question 24

Name two types of proteins involved in facilitated diffusion

Answer 24

Two types of proteins involved in facilitated diffusion are:

• carrier protein
• channel protein

Question 25

Explain facilitated diffusion

Answer 25

facilitated diffusion happens when a molecule is required by the cell but too large to diffuse through the membrane.

The molecule fits onto the outside end of its substance specific carrier protein. This causes the protein to change shape which allows the the molecule to diffuse into the cytoplasm. This requires no energy from the cell.

Question 26

Why does active transport require ATP?

Answer 26

Active transport requires ATP because the molecules are moving through the cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, therefore require energy.

The molecule fits into a specific carrier protein then molecules of ATP provide the energy to change the shape of the protein. The protein actively transports the molecule through the membrane.

these carrier proteins can be called ‘pumps’ because they pump up a concentration gradient.