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biology 101 > Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi + Yeast > Flashcards

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi + Yeast Flashcards

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1
Q

To which kingdoms do amoeba and bacteria belong?

A

amoeba - protista

bacteria - monera

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2
Q

which kingdom contains eukaryotic organisms between monera and Protista.

A

protista

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3
Q

Comment on the relationship between the mode of nutrition and the environmental roles of a saprophyte

A

saprophytes consume dead matter and are therefore reponsible for decomposition and nutrient recycling in the environment.

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4
Q

In the sexual reproduction of rhizopus, what is the significance of opposite strains of hyphae growing close together ?

A

The swellings form and grow towards each other and eventually touch.

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5
Q

In the sexual reproduction of rhizopus, describe the production progametangia.

A

This is the swellings at the tip of the hyphae.

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6
Q

In the sexual reproduction of rhizopus, what is the role of meiosis?

A

The zygospore germinates by meiosis.

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7
Q

State any 2 harmful effects of fungi?

A

Human disease such as athletes foot and ringworm.

Poisonous mushrooms

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8
Q

What are the circumstances under which sexual reproduction of the rhizopus occurs?

A

Lack of water
unsuitable temperature
unsuitable pH
Lack of nutrients

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9
Q

Is oxygen necessary during fermentation ?

A

No

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10
Q

Where in the cells does fermentation occur ?

A

cytosol

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11
Q

When preparing alcohol using yeast, from which substance did the yeast make the alcohol?

A

Glucose

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12
Q

When preparing alcohol using yeast, what is the optimum temperature and how was it maintained?

A

20C - 35C

using a water bath

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13
Q

When preparing alcohol using yeast, How did you know when the fermentation was finished ?

A

No more carbon dioxide was produced

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14
Q

When preparing alcohol using yeast, how did you test for the presence of alcohol and what is the colour of the positive result ?

A

Using the iodoform test

yellow

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15
Q

State the 2 sources of energy that bacteria can use make their food

A

Sunlight or energy from chemical reactions.

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16
Q

What is the difference between facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes ?

A

facultative respire in the presence or absence of oxygen while obligate respire only in the absence of oxygen.

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17
Q

In the growth curve of a bacteria, explain why some of them survive ?

A

They form endospores

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18
Q

During continuous flow batch processing, explain why its desirable to keep bacteria in the log phase of growth

A

To maximise yield

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19
Q

During continuous flow batch processing, at what stage of growth curve is the product removed ?

A

After stationary phase

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20
Q

To what kingdom do yeasts belong ?

Name another member of this kingdom

A

fungi

mushrooms/ rhizopus/ penicillium

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21
Q

Apart from a source of nutrition, give one other function of the agar.

A

Its a medium for growth

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22
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, how can you be certain that the leaf is the only possible source of the yeast ?

A

You can use a sterilised piece of leaf as a control

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23
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, what is the step taken to prevent the contamination of the lab by the yeast ?

A

seal the plates

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24
Q

In relation to the investigation of anaerobic respiration in yeast, name 2 steps taken to ensure anaerobic conditions.

A

Boil water then cool it to remove all oxygen.

Add layer of oil to prevent oxygen from entering.

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25
Q

In relation to the investigation of anaerobic respiration in yeast, what visible sign is there that fermentation is taking place ?

A

Bubbles of gas of carbon-dioxide.

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26
Q

In relation to the investigation of anaerobic respiration in yeast, if the apparatus was placed in an ice-bath, what effect would this have on the rate of respiration ?

A

it slows it down because the rate of enzyme action is reduced by the decrease in temperature.

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27
Q

Give an example of the beneficial effects of bacteria, aside from the production of antibiotics, and one example of a harmful effect of bacteria.

A

A beneficial effect of bacteria is decomposition.

A harmful effect of bacteria is food decay.

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28
Q

What is the method of asexual reproduction of bacteria called ?

A

Binary fission

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29
Q

Describe the process of binary fission.

A

The DNA replicates. The cell then elongates and each DNA moves to opposite sides of the elongated cell. A cell membrane grows in between them and the cell therefore splits into two.

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30
Q

Why is the overuse of antibiotics dangerous ?

A

Because it can lead to the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

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31
Q

How do certain bacterias survive in unfavourable conditions ?

A

They form an endospore

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32
Q

Name a fungus other than yeast that you have studied in your course.
Give one way this fungus differs from yeast

A

rhizopus

It is multicellular and it produces zygospores

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33
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, mention 2 aseptic techniques you carried out to ensure a pathogen- free environment.

A

sterilising instruments
washing hands or wearing gloves
disinfecting bench and equipments

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34
Q

What type of agar is recommended for optimal growth of yeast and other fungi ?

A

malt agar

nutrient agar

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35
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, describe how the plates were stored, from introduction of the yeast source until yeast growth was visible on the agar.

A

They were first stored right-side up for the first 1 or 2 days. Then they were stored upside down in an incubator for 2-7 days.

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36
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, how did you identify the leaf yeast growing on the agar ?

A

They were present in pink colonies

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37
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, suggest a reason why few or no leaf yeasts may have grown on the agar.

A

unsuitable temperature
no yeast on leaf
air pollution

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38
Q

State a feature of eukaryotic organisms

A

They have membrane-bound organelles

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39
Q

Give an example of a unicellular and a multicellular fungus

A

A unicellular fungus is yeast

A multicellular fungus is rhizopus

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40
Q

To which group of biomolecules does chitin belong ?

A

carohydrates

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41
Q

What is the type of nutrition found in fungi ?

A

saprophytic - they feed of dead matter or heterotrophic - they do not make their own food.

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42
Q

What is the importance of a decomposer ?

A

They recycle nutrients or minerals

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43
Q

What is the purpose of budding in fungi ?

A

reproduction

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44
Q

What part of the bacteria cell is responsible for protection ?

A

the capsule

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45
Q

What part of the bacteria cell is responsible for drug resistance ?

A

the plasmid

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46
Q

Name an organelle that is present in plant cells but absent in bacterial cells

A

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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47
Q

What is the role of an endospore ?

A

allows the bacteria to survive in unfavourable conditions

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48
Q

Explain the term chemosynthetic ?

A

This is the use of energy released from chemical reactions

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49
Q

Give an example of a chemosynthetic bacteria

A

Nitrifying bacteria

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50
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, was the investigation carried out in a sterile or aseptic environment ?
Explain your answer

A

Aseptic

This means not all microbes were destroyed

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51
Q

What is the meaning of asepsis ?

A

This means free of pathogens

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52
Q

What is a pathogen ?

A

This is a disease causing organism

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53
Q

What is an antibiotic ?

A

This is a chemical produced by micro organisms to kill or stop the growth of other micro organisms

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54
Q

What is bioprocessing ?

A

This is the use of micro-organisms to form products

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55
Q

What is a bioreactor ?

A

This is a vessel in which products are made by micro organisms. it is vessel in which bioprocessing occurs.

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56
Q

Define osmosis

A

This is the movement of water through a semi permeable membrane from a high water concentration to a low water concentration

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57
Q

If there’s movement of water into an amoeba, why doesn’t it eventually burst?

A

This is due to the presence of a contractile vacuole. It expels water outside the cell.

58
Q

Why is the movement of water less of a problem for species of amoeba that live in marine environment.

A

This is because the concentration of sea water and amoeba are similar

59
Q

Define the term, selectively permeable

A

This means only certain substances are allowed through.

60
Q

Define the term, prokaryotic

A

There are no membrane bound organelles.

61
Q

Define the term, symbiotic

A

This is an arrangement where two organisms of different species that live in close proximity to each other both benefit.

62
Q

Give a benefit of the presence of symbiotic bacteria

A

Digestion

Production of vitamins

63
Q

What kingdom do rhizopus belong to ?

Name another member of this kingdom

A

fungi

yeast/ mushroom

64
Q

Name a food on which rhizopus is commonly found

A

bread

65
Q

Name the hyphae that anchors rhizopus to its food source

A

Rhizoids

66
Q

Give an example of both a beneficial and harmful member of the fungi kingdom

A

beneficial - yeast

harmful - death cap

67
Q

How does the genetic make up of the new yeast cell relate to that of the parent cell ?
Why is it so ?

A

Identical

Because they reproduce via mitosis.

68
Q

Give an advantage and a disadvantage of asexual reproduction in yeast.

A

An advantage is that it is a rapid form of reproduction. A disadvantage is that there is an increased risk of disease and there is no variation.

69
Q

Are fungus eukaryotes or prokaryotes ?

A

They are eukaryotes.

70
Q

What is the importance of yeast to the brewing an baking industry ?

A

In the brewing industry, it is used in alcohol production.

In the baking industry, it is used in producing CO2.

71
Q

Name the term used to describe an environment that is free from all micro-organisms.

A

Sterile

72
Q

What is the role of rhizopus in nature ?

A

To act as a decomposer.

73
Q

Give a structural difference between fungi and plants

A

Fungi have cell walls made of chitin while plants have cell walls made of cellulose.
Fungi have no chloroplasts while plants have chloroplast.

74
Q

Name the method of asexual reproduction in rhizopus

A

Sporulation

75
Q

Name the 3 general shapes of bacteria cells

A

rod shape
Spherical shape
Spiral shape

76
Q

Differentiate between asepsis and sterility.

A

Asepsis means free of pathogens while sterility mens free of microbes.

77
Q

Name the stages in a bacteria growth curve and explain the 3rd stage.

A

lag log stationary decline

During the stationary stage, the death rate equals the birth rate.

78
Q

Distinguish between batch processing and continuous flow in food processing. Refer to the stages in the bacteria growth curve.

A

In batch processing, fixed amount of nutrients is added at the beginning while in continuous flow, the nutrients are continuously fed into the bioreactor.
All stages in the bacteria growth curve occur in the batch processing while in continuous flow only stage B is maintained throughout.

79
Q

What is an obligate parasite and give an example.

A

An obligate parasite can only replicate in a cell. an example is a virus.

80
Q

Name a virus that causes disease in plants

A

The mosaic virus

81
Q

How do scientists distinguish between viruses ?

A

By their shapes and sizes

82
Q

Why are viruses difficult to classify in a kingdom ?

A

Because they have no cell organelles

83
Q

Give one way in which viruses are economically important.

A

They are used in making vaccines

84
Q

Fungi maybe be classified into 2 groups based on their mode of nutrition. what are these 2 groups ?

A

parasitic and saprophytic fungi

85
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, what nutrient was added to the agar for the yeast

A

Malt extract.

86
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, how did you introduce the yeast to the petri dishes ?

A

BY attaching the leaves to the lid then replacing the lid.

87
Q

Name 2 sources of energy used by autotrophic bacteria to make food.

A

solar energy

chemical energy

88
Q

What are 2 structural features found in bacteria to support the claim that they are from the monera kingdom ?

A

They have no membrane-bound organelles.

They have a cell wall made of peptoglycan

89
Q

Mention any 3 precautions you took when working with microbes.

A

There should be safe method of disposal
Disinfect the bench
Minimal opening

90
Q

State any 2 characteristics of viruses that suggests that they are non living

A

They are non cellular.

They are obligate parasites.

91
Q

Should antibiotics be prescribed for viral infections, why ?

A

No because they have no effects on viruses.

92
Q

Define vaccination

A

This is when a non-disease causing form of pathogen is introduced into the body to prevent diseases.

93
Q

How does the structure of saccharomyces differ from the other members of the fungus kingdom

A

It is unicellular.

94
Q

When preparing alcohol using yeast, what substrate was used ?

A

glucose

95
Q

When preparing alcohol using yeast, how does boiling half of the yeast suspension for 10 minutes act as a control ?

Suggest another control that could have been used.

A

It denatures the enzymes.

Water can be used rather than yeast.

96
Q

When preparing alcohol using yeast, name an end product aside from alcohol

A

Carbondioxide

97
Q

Name a structural feature found in fungi but not in animals

A

cell wall

98
Q

Name a structural feature found in plants but not in fungi

A

chloroplast

99
Q

Name a structural feature found in animal but not in monera

A

nucleus

100
Q

Name a structural feature found in Protista but not in animal

A

contractile vacuole

101
Q

Name the 5 kingdoms of life

A 
monera 
protista 
animal 
plant 
fungi
102
Q

What re the 2 kingdoms that contain single-cells organisms ?

A

Protista and monera

103
Q

Autotrophic bacteria are subdivided into 2 groups based on what ?

A

The source of energy to make their food

104
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, what control did you use?

A

A closed plate

105
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, at what temperature are the agar plates incubated

A

20c - 25c

room temperature

106
Q

Name 2 types of heterotrophic nutritions used by a bacteria

A

Saprophytic and parasitic

107
Q

Distinguish between antibodies and antibiotics

A

Antibodies are proteins produced by the body to respond to an antigen while antibiotics are chemicals produced by microbes to destroy other microbes.

108
Q

In relation to antibodies, distinguish between active and passive immunity.

A

active immunity are given by the antibodies produced in the body while passive immunity are given by the antibodies introduced into the body

109
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, how did you dispose the agar plates at the end of the experiment and explain why this is necessary.

A

immerse in autoclave

110
Q

Virus are composed of 2 main biochemical components. What are they ?

A

proteins and DNA

111
Q

Name a disease caused by viruses

A

measles, flu, polio

112
Q

State 2 ways bacteria cells differ from human cells

A

Bacteria cells have cell walls but human cells do not.

bacteria cells have a flagellum but human cells do not.

113
Q

Sexual reproduction in rhizopus is triggered by what ?

A

Dehydration

114
Q

Give 2 advantages of zygospore formation to rhizopus.

A

They can survive drought

It allows for dispersal

115
Q

During budding, what happens to the new cells formed in the process ?

A

They break away from the mother cell ?

116
Q

How does the asexual production in rhizopus differ from that in yeast

A

Rhizopus produces spores.

117
Q

What is the purpose of using agar when growing fungi or bacteria in the lab

A

to provide nutrients

118
Q

Suggest a reason why leaf yeasts are more plentiful in July than in March.

A

More leaves are available

119
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, what was the purpose of a control ?

A

To show that the yeast came from the leaves.

120
Q

Why are viruses not one of the 5 kingdoms

A

They are non cellular

121
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, from which plant did you collect the leaf sample an describe how the leaf sample was collected.

A

The sample was collected by cutting or picking the leaves.

122
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, what was the control used ?

A

An agar without leaves

123
Q

In relation to the growth of leaf yeasts in the lab, why were the agar left the right side up for the first 24 hours ?

A

This is to allow the yeast fall from the leaf onto the agar.

124
Q

Mention a feature of the monera kingdom

A

They are single celled

125
Q

How does antibiotic resistance arise ?

A

This develops when surviving strains multiply

126
Q

What is the function of the contractile vacuole in an amoeba ?

A

Osmoregulation.

127
Q

Why are young people at more risk of becoming ill with swine flu than the older people ?

A

This is because older people may have been previously exposed to it and still have the antibodies produced to fight it .

128
Q

Why are antibiotics used ?

A

To treat infections

129
Q

Give a brief description of the structure of a virus

A

This is a DNA molecule surrounded by a protein coat

130
Q

Give a role of rhizoids and explain how it carries this role.

A

They provide the rhizopus with nutrients. They do this by absorbing products from the substrate on which they are anchored to.

131
Q

What is the mode of nutrition of a rhizopus ?

A

saprophytic

132
Q

What happens during the lag phase ?

A

The bacteria is adapting to the environment

133
Q

What is a nutrient medium ?

A

This is a material that supplies food

134
Q

Name a test for alcohol

A

Iodoform test

135
Q

Why does fermentation eventually cease ?

A

The alcohol kills yeast or the yeast dies

136
Q

Give the function of a zygospore

A

For survival

137
Q

Give a function of the gametangium

A

This produces gametes

138
Q

Give a function of the sporangium

A

This produces spores

139
Q

Give a feature of the rhizopus that suggests they belong to the fungi kingdom

A

spores

140
Q

Is fermentation affected by temperature, explain ?

A

yes because the rate of activity of the enzymes is affected by temperature.

141
Q

When preparing alcohol using yeast, what control was used ?

A

No yeast

142
Q

Name a substance produced during aerobic respiration that is not produced during fermentation.

A

Water

biology 101 (6 decks)

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