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SFM Exam 2 > CIS Nutrition > Flashcards

CIS Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What BMI is considered underweight?

A

<18.5

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2
Q

What is the normal range for BMI?

A

18.5-24.9

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3
Q

What is considered overweight BMI?

A

25-29.9

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4
Q

Which BMI is considered to be obese?

A

greater than or equal to 30

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5
Q

Obese class I BMI

A

30-34.9

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6
Q

Obese class II BMI

A

35-39.9

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7
Q

Obese class III BMI

A

Greater than or equal to 40

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8
Q

A PE finding of xanthelasma palpebarum and corneal arcus are associated with what??

A

Elevated cholesterol

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9
Q

A PE finding of acanthosis nigricans is associated with what?

A

Possible elevated blood sugar indicating DM

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10
Q

For metabolic syndrome you have to have one of what?

A

DM, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose and insulin resistance

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11
Q

For metabolic syndrome you also have to have two of what?

A

Blood pressure greater than 140/90 or on BP meds,

Dyslipidemia, central obesity and microalbuminuria

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12
Q

Which diseases are cardiac risk factors?

A

Dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and HTN

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13
Q

Describe the metabolic pathways involved in metabolic syndrome

A

Peripheral tissues are insulin resistant -> HSL activated -> increased FFAs from adipocytes
Insulin is overproduced
Gluconeogenesis inhibited and FA synthesis stimulated
Increased insulin and insulin resistance increases FA and TAG synthesis in the liver —> fat deposition in the liver —> dyslipidemia

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14
Q

What are some general abnormalities suggesting IEM?

A

Dysmorphic features, deafness, hydrops, self mutilation, abnormal body or urine odor, hepatosplenomegaly and abnormal hair growth

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15
Q

Neurologic abnormalities suggesting IEM?

A

Hypo/hypertonia, coma, persistent lethargy, seizures, not meeting developmental milestones

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16
Q

GI abnormalities suggesting IEM?

A

Poor feeding, recurrent vomiting, jaundice

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17
Q

Eye abnormalities suggesting IEM?

A

Cataracts, cherry red macula, dislocated lens, glaucoma

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18
Q

Muscle and joint abnormalities suggesting IEM?

A

Myopathy and abnormal mobility

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19
Q

Describe Hartnup disease

A

Effects absorption of nonpolar amino acids particularly tryptophan
Treat with a high protein diet
Sx: diarrhea, mood swings, red scaly skin rash usually when exposed to light, photosensitivity, short stature and uncoordinated movements

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20
Q

Describe maple syrup urine disease

A

Sweet smelling urine
Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency (BCAA: leu, Ile, Val)
Treat with low protein diet
Sx: poor feeding, vomiting, lack of energy (lethargy), abnormal movements, delayed development and may lead to seizures, coma or death

21
Q

Describe phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
Autosomal recessive
Sx: intellectual disorders, seizures, must smelling urine/sweat due to phenylacetate, decreased pigmentation of hair and skin, eczema often accompany the mental retardation in untreated children
Treat with severely decreased protein intake
Phenyllactate and phenylacetate disrupt neurotransmission and block amino acid transport in the brain as well as myelin formation resulting in severe impairment of brain function

22
Q

Describe albinism

A

Absence or defect of tyrosinase

Sx: sunburns/skin cancer, photophobia, nystagmus and amblyopia

23
Q

Describe the progression seen with PKU

A

Infants are normal at birth Bc mother metabolizes extra Phe
Usually by 6 months of life severe mental retardation becomes evident
About 1/3 of children are never able to walk and 2/3 cannot talk

24
Q

Describe newborn screenings

A

Performed between 24-48 hours
Heel stick, hearing screen
Early detection of otherwise devastating diseases
Missouri tests over 70

25
Q

What occurs when galactokinase is defective?

A

Juvenile cataracts

Decreased conversion of galactose to galactose 1 phosphate by galactokinase

26
Q

Describe what occurs when dihydopterine reductase is defective

A

Impaired renewal of tetrahydrobiopterin
Malignant hyperphenylalaninemia
Decreased levels of dopamine, serotonin and folate
Sx: psychomotor delay, low muscle tone (hypotonia), seizures, abnormal movements, too much salvation, swallowing difficulties
Tx: supplement BH4 and folate
No Phe
Meds to restore neurotransmitters in the brain

27
Q

Describe what happens when galactosylceramidase is defective

A

Also called Krabbe’s disease
Impairment of the GALC gene
Galactosylceramidase hydrolyzes galactosylceramide, an important component of myelin
Sx: hypertonia/spasticity, impaired development, optic atrophy and blindness, unexplained fevers, seizures, irritability, eating problems and deafness
Tx: anticonvulsant meds to stop seizures, muscle relaxers, PY to help slow deterioration of muscles, OT to help older children with common tasks, bone marrow transplant and cord blood transplant

28
Q

What occurs with GALT deficiency?

A

Failure to metabolize galactose/lactose into glucose
Back up of galactose causes sx
Sx: feeding difficulties, lethargy, failure to thrive, jaundice, females have premature ovarian insufficiency, liver damage, abnormal bleeding, sepsis, developmental delay and cataracts
Tx: eliminate lactose and galactose from the diet such as dairy products, avocados and sugar beets

29
Q

Describe malnutrition in reference to Kwashiorkor disease

A

Severe protein deficiency
Sufficient calories, but insufficient protein
Usually occurs after weaning
Sx: edema of hands and feet, light colored skin, thinning hair, distended abdomen, shiny skin, ulcerating dermatoses, anemia, irritable and enlarged fatty liver

30
Q

Describe malnutrition in reference to marasmus

A

Protein calorie deficiency
Sx: emaciated, chronic diarrhea, respiratory infections, intellectual disability, stunted growth, apathy, no energy
Weight is less than 62% of expected

31
Q

What are some characteristics of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Nyctalopia (night blindness), xerophthalmia (failure to produce tears), major player in phototransduction (changing light into electrical signals)

32
Q

What are characteristics of vitamin B1 (thiamine deficiency) deficiency?

A

Sx: malaise, weight loss, confusion, wet or dry beriberi, and possible Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

33
Q

What are sx of wet beriberi?

A

Fast HR, SOB, difficulty moving the legs and pain

34
Q

What are sx of dry beriberi?

A

Numbness, confusion, difficulty moving the legs

35
Q

What are characteristics of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Vision changes, ataxia, impaired memory

36
Q

What are characteristics of vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Sx: fatigue, inflammation of the tongue (decreased taste), numbness/tingling
Sign: megaloblastic anemia

37
Q

What are some sx associated with vitamin C deficiency?

A

Fatigue, SOB, dizziness, pale or yellowish skin, irregular heartbeats, weight loss, numbness or tingling in hands and feet, muscle weakness, personality changes, unsteady movements and mental confusion or forgetfulness

38
Q

What sx are associated with vitamin K deficiency?

A

Easy bruising, oozing from nose or gums, excessive bleeding from injuries, heavy menstrual periods, bleeding from the GI tract, blood in the urine and/or stool, increased prothrombin time (PT)

39
Q

What sx are associated with vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency?

A

Stomatitis (inflamed tongue), sore throat, chapped/fissured lips, oily/scaly rashes on the scrotum, vulva, philtrum of the lip and nasolabial folds, itch, watery, blood shot eyes, sensitivity to light and anemia (normocytic, normochromic)

40
Q

What sx are associated with mild vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency

A

Indigestion, fatigue, canker sores, vomiting and depression

41
Q

What sx are associated with severe vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency

A

Called Pellagra
Thick, scaly pigmented rash on skin exposed to sunlight
Swollen mouth and tongue, vomiting and diarrhea, HA, apathy, depression, disorientation, memory loss

42
Q

What sx are associated with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency?

A

Microcytic anemia, EEG abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth), glossitis, depression, confusion and weakened immune function

43
Q

What sx and risks are associated with vitamin D deficiency?

A

Sx: subtle to none
Risks: increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment in older adults, severe asthma in children and cancer

44
Q

Describe vitamin E deficiency

A

Digestive system requires fat to absorb vitamin E
Conditions that impair this: abetaliproprotenemia, Crohn’s disease, cystic fibrosis, AVED (ataxia and vitamin E deficiency)
Sx: peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, skeletal myopathy, retinopathy, immune impairment and infertility

45
Q

Normal fasting glucose

A

70-110

46
Q

Normal total cholesterol

A

<200

47
Q

Normal HDL

A

30-75

48
Q

Normal LDL

A

<130

49
Q

Normal triglycerides

A

<150

SFM Exam 2 (25 decks)

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