chap 6

Question 1

1. Difference in energy from reactant to product is?
2. Endothermic= Absorb heat and have ___ΔH
3. Exothermic= release heat and __ΔH
4. Transition state - is NOT?
5. Enthalpy Changes (___) Endothermic (__) vs Exothermic (____)

Answer 1

1. ΔH
2. Endothermic= Absorb heat and have +ΔH
3. Exothermic= release heat and -ΔH
4. Transition state - is NOT isolatable.
5. Enthalpy Changes (ΔH) Endothermic (ΔH > 0) vs Exothermic (ΔH < 0)

Question 2

1. Bond Enthalpies _____?
2. -Bond Enthalpies are _____ for stronger bonds.
3. -Bonds are stronger when between _____ and/or more _____ atoms.

Answer 2

Question 3

Entropy (S)

1. -related to the amount of _______in a system
2. -related to the number of states _____ in which a system can exist
3. -More___ more entropy or ______

Answer 3

Question 4

first law of thermodynamics

1. The law of conservation of energy states that the total ____ of an isolated system is _____; energy can be transformed from one ____to ____, but can be neither ____ nor ______.
2. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: ______.
3. Entropy is greater with more ____ molecules.
   - Entropy is greater with more ____(all the same phase).
   - Entropy is greater with more _____ molecules.

Answer 4

1. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can be neither created nor destroyed.
2. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: For a spontaneous process, ΔS universe > 0.(is positive)

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

name these?

Answer 6

Question 7

What Delta G negative and Delta G positive mean?

Answer 7

Question 8

What does kinetic rate law predict?

Answer 8

Question 9

Catalyst

• _____ up a reaction (in ____ directions)
• ______ the activation energy (in ___ directions)
• ____ the rate constant (in ____ directions)
• provides an _____ mechanism (pathway) for the ____to occur
• is ____ consumed -does not shift the _____.

Answer 9

Question 10

Nucleophiles -Nucleophiles are ______ _____donors (generally have a ___ ____ of electrons) -Most strong nucleophiles have a ___ _____.

Answer 10

Question 11

Electrophiles

• Electrophiles are electron pair ____
• Typically have at least a partial _____ charge

Answer 11

Question 12

1. Carbocations – the more ____ the more stable.
2. Hyperconjugation increases what?

Answer 12

Question 13

Radicals – the more _____ the more stable

Answer 13

Hyperconjugation increase stability

Question 14

1. Carbanions – the ____substituted the more stable.
2. They are electron ___.
3. The more carbon they are ___ the __ __ they become.

Answer 14

Question 15

1. Arrow show movement of ____.
2. Define Heterolytic cleavage?
3. Which one is an electrophile and which one is a nucleophile?

Answer 15

Question 16

1. Define Carbocation?
2. If it rearranges it will do it typically to an _____ _____.
3. Only if the ___ ___ more ___ ____.

Answer 16