Population with Case Studies Flashcards
China’s Geography and Population Distribution
1.4 billion total
94% living in 43% country’s area in East
6% living in 57% country’s area in West.
Only 4% of pop. live in 50% of the total land.
50% of the pop. live in 8% of the total land.
West = dry, arid, mountainous
East = flat, fertile, rivers with alluvial plains
Yangzte River delta + Pearl River delta
Manufacturing on coastlines + many trans-national corps. factories put there for cheap land + labour.
Consequences of China’s Uneven Pop. Density and Distribution
Urban pops. increasing by 15 million per year.
3,000 towns in 1980 to 17,000 towns in 1995.
0.5 million acres of arable land lost per year.
1950s population register system - regulating rural to urban migration.
1960s counter-urbanization policy migrated 20 million returned to rural origins.
LIC, MIC and HIC trends
LIC's = less than 1000 USD GDP per capita MIC = 1000-12,000 USD GDP per capita LIC = above 12,000 USD GDP per capita
1994 - 3 billion in 64 LIC’s
2014 - 600 million in 30 LIC’s
Outline the 3 areas East of the Huanyong line
North-east: Manchuria, 9% of population, largest manufacturing industry and use of minerals coal and oil.
Central east: 1/3 population, Yellow and Yangtze river basins and plains, rich, fertile farmland and alluvial materials.
South-east: Pearl river delta, fertile land and large cities with large-scale manufacturing.
South Africa’s Geography and Population Distribution
Central + West = Very arid and steep land, land-locked
North = high soil fertility
East = flat land, rivers in South-East
1948-94: Apartheid forced 4 million blacks (80% of pop.) to North and South East homelands
Johannesburg = Aircraft, machinery, oil refining
Cape Town = Food products, furniture, oil refining
Durban = Chemicals, paper, oil refining
Port Elizabeth = Motor vehicle assembly, textiles
DTM
Demographic Transition Model.
- High births and deaths, low pop.
- High births, low deaths, high pop.
- Lowering births, lowering deaths, increasing pop.
- Lower births, lower deaths, slowly increasing pop.
- Lower births, higher deaths, decreasing pop.
Dependency Ratio
(under 15 + over 64) divided by (ages 16-64)
HIC: high elder proportion
LIC: high younger proportion
Forced Migration - Syria Case Study, Positive Impacts
Ruling Asaad regime and ISIS
2014 - 76k Syrians killed
12 million displaced - 8 million internally and 4 million externally.
3.5m in Turkey, 1.2m in Lebanon, 600k in Jordan.
Positives:
Syria
Less pressure on resources + aid
Reduced risk of citizen targets
Money can be sent back to family in Syria
Migrants
Safety from the risks of civil war
Opportunity for better quality of life
Opportunity for education and healthcare
Destination country:
Cultural diversity + experience Syrian culture
(56% Arabic-speaking population in Hatay, Turkey)
Low-wage workforce to fill gaps
Southern cities like Kilis experienced a rise in employment in 2013.
Economic growth
Syrian deposits in Turkish banks = 311 millionnliras in 2012, 1.5 billion by 2015.
Negative Impacts of Forced Migration from Syria
Negatives:
Syria:
Reduced working population, hence less tax money, restricted econ. growth
Loss of younger peopleleaving behind an ageing population
Migrants:
Language barrier
Adjusting to culture
Exploitation as cheap labour
Hard to find work
-50k in Turkey have work permits
-Refugees with Temporary Protection cannot exceed 10% workforce at any company.
- 80% refugees in 12 provinces = high competition
- Less than 1% working age refugees in formal sector
Discrimination and racism
(Only 700k refugees have Turkish residency permits)
Destination country:
Pressure on services: healthcare, education
Pressure on resources: food, water, energy
Cost Lebanon US$2.5 billion in lost economic activity during 2013
Increased unemployment
1/4 Lebanon’s population = Syrians
100k Syrian children in schools
Aeging Societies Case Study
Japan:
Fertility: 1.4 births per woman
Life expectancy: 82 for males and 87 for females
Reasons:
Lack of space to bring up a larger family, high costs of education, Japanese educated on over-population
Consequences:
In 2011, 420k elderly waiting for place in care home
130k japanese forced to give up jobs to look after elderly
Less people to replace the mass of population retiring
In 2014, older dependency ratio was 40% and expected to reach 60% by 2036
Retire and get pension age increased from 60 to 65
400 primary and secondary schools closed each year, converting some in to care centers
Actions:
Tokyo - 1600 dollars for first baby in the city and 940 dollars in rural areas.
4000 day cares opened to encourage women.
Denmark Pro-natalist Policy Case Study
Denmark:
Fertility rate in 2013 - 1.67 births and in 2017 - 1.79 births
2014 = 29yrs old vs 1970 = 24yrs old to start family
Pop. growing by 10k per year
80 mill kroner invested into daycare institutions
Causes:
High status of women + education + contraception
Policy:
Promote and increase birth with campaigns and education aimed at teens to encourage having children
Danish Family Planning Association = encourage motherhood before 30
Do it For Mom = baby boom, make your parents happy by having more children
Anti-natalist Policy Case Study
China:
Birth rate in 1970 was 33 per 1000
Fertility: 6 in 1960-65
Strained resources - 1960s, 20 mill died from famine
Regulations:
Unauthorized pregnancies = aborted
Couples obeying the policy would get 5-10% rise in their salary
Benefits: Population growth rate is 0.7 per cent Fertility: 1.7 Birth rate fell to 17 per 1000 1/4 mill births prevented
Disadvantages:
450 million over 60 by 2050
Only 1.6 working adults to support every elderly person
32 million more men than women
France Pro-natalist Policy Case Study
France:
Causes:
Over 21% of population is over 60
By 2050, 1/3 of the population will be over 60
Costing gov. 13 bill euros for social security and health care of the elderly pop.
Fertility in 1992= 1.67 children per woman
Policies:
Cash incentive: 800 euros monthly to stay off work for one year after third child .
Large families received reductions on train fares.
Three year paid parental leave, can be used by mothers or fathers.
Outcome:
Fertility rate 1.96 births, still below the replacement level
Gender Equality Case Study
Kerala, state in India:
Highest literacy rate in India, 92% for women and 96% for men compared to Rajasthan, 53% for women and 80.5% for men.
Highest female ratio 52.0% female and 48.0% male, opposite for India average
Girls have open access to universities, often study to be doctors and nurses.
Jobs open to women in health + education since early 20th century.
Autonomy of personal life, no tradition of dowries and no controversy of remarriage
Policies:
Inheritance of family property is traced through daughters
Progressive education and health policies allow greater opportunity for women.
Anti-trafficking Case Study
Nigeria:
3,600k Nigerian women arrived by boat in Italy in 2016.
More than 80% will be trafficked into prostitution in Italy + Europe.
Gov. increased investigations, prosecutions and convictions
Extensive specialized training to officials from gov. ministries and agencies.
Campaigns to raise awareness and educate the public about the dangers of trafficking.
