92-121

Question 1

non specific human defences e.g (4)

Answer 1

nose, skin, cilia and mucus

Question 2

3 things wbc uses to defend humans from pathogens

Answer 2

phagocytosis, antitoxin production, antibody production

Question 3

stages of phagocytosis (4)

Answer 3

• microbe enters the body and the white blood cell detects it as alien
• the white blood cell attaches to the microbe in response
• wbc engulfes microbe
  -wbc digests the microbe using harmful enzymes

Question 4

vaccines contain…

Answer 4

dead or weakened pathogens

Question 5

how does vaccines prevent illness

Answer 5

creating a quicker immune reponse to pathogens

Question 6

what cant painkillers do

Answer 6

kill pathogens

Question 7

what can antibiotics kill

Answer 7

bacteria

Question 8

what can not antibiotics kill
why

Answer 8

viruses - inside cells meaning the cell will have to die or get damaged to access the viruses

Question 9

where does digitalis come from

Answer 9

foxglove

Question 10

where does aspirin come from

Answer 10

willow trees

Question 11

where does penicillin come from

Answer 11

penicillium mould

Question 12

preclinical testing

Answer 12

done in labs with cells, tissues and animals

Question 13

clinical testing

Answer 13

done on healthy volunteers and then patients

Question 14

what is used in clinical trials to reduce bias

Answer 14

placebo drugs - no effect but look identical to the real one

Question 15

what are monoclonal antibodies produced from

Answer 15

single cell clone

Question 16

monoclonal antibody adaptation

Answer 16

only bind to one shape of antigen so can target chemicals and or cells in the body

Question 17

how are monoclonal antibodies made

Answer 17

mouse lymphocytes and tumours to create hybridoma cells

Question 18

why are hybridoma cells cloned

Answer 18

produce same antibody to be collected and purified

Question 19

uses of monoclonal antibodies (3)

Answer 19

pregnancy tests, locating specific cells or tissues and cancer treatment

Question 20

plant defence systems (8)
(in leaves 2)
(in general 6)

Answer 20

• thick cell walls and waxy cuticles
• bacterial chemicals, poison to deter herbivores leaves that droop, thorns, mimicry, hairs

Question 21

ways to detect disease in plants (6)

Answer 21

stunted growth, growth, spots or discolouration, decay, malformed stems, presence of pests

Question 22

what can cause a stunt in growth in plants

Answer 22

lack of nitrate ions

Question 23

what causes lack of chlorophyll in plants

Answer 23

lack of magnesium ions

Question 24

physical plant defence responses (3)

Answer 24

cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticle, layers of dead cells (bark)

Question 25

chemical plant responses (2)

Answer 25

antibacterial chemicals and poisons

Question 26

mechanical plant adaptations (4)

Answer 26

thorns, hair, leaves that droop or curl, mimicry