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General Anatomy And Physiology > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle
  2. Cardiac Muscle
  3. Smooth Muscle
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2
Q

What Muscle Tissue is described - Movement, Voluntary, Striated, Fatigues rapidly

A

Skeletal Muscle

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3
Q

What muscle Tissue is described - Heart, Involuntary, Striated, Fatigue Resistant.

A

Cardiac Muscle

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4
Q

What Muscle Tissue is descirbed - Walls of hollow organs, Involuntary, not striated, fatigue resistant

A

Smooth Muscle

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5
Q

What are the 4 functions of Skeletal Muscles

A
  1. Produce movement.
  2. Maintain posture.
  3. Stabilize and strengthen joints.
  4. Generate heat
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6
Q

How much body mass is Skeletal Muscle

A

40%

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7
Q

What is a byproduct of ATP production

A

Heat

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8
Q

What are the 4 Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Excitability
  2. Contractility
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
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9
Q

the ability to receive and respond to stimuli

A

Excitability

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10
Q

the ability to shorten forcibly

A

Contractility

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11
Q

the ability to be stretched

A

Extensibility

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12
Q

the ability to recoil and resume the original resting length

A

Elasticity

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13
Q

What are the 4 Connective Tissue Wrappings

A
  1. Endomysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Epimysium
  4. Deep Fascia
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14
Q

What Surrounds each muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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15
Q

fibrous C.T. that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers = fascicle

A

Perimysium

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16
Q

surrounds the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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17
Q

binds several muscles into a functional group

A

Deep Fascia

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of Indirect Muscle Attachment

A
  1. Tendons
  2. Aponeurosis
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19
Q

Dense Irregular C.T. “Sheet”

A

Aponeurosis

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20
Q

Dense regular C.T. “rope”, “strap”

A

Tendons

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21
Q

muscle attachment to immovable or less movable bone

A

Origin

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22
Q

muscle attachment to movable bone

A

Insertion

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23
Q

the muscle that bears the major responsibility for a particular movement. Ex: pectoralis major muscle is the prime mover of arm flexion

A

Agonist (Prime mover)

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24
Q

muscles that oppose a particular movement. Ex: the latissimus dorsi causes arm extension, so it is the antagonist of the pectoralis major

A

Antagonist

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25
Q

helps the prime mover

A

Synergist

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26
Q

Nuclei located just inside sarcolemma

A

Multinucleated

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27
Q

Contractile units made of actin and myosin that start at one z disc and end at the next z disc

A

Sarcomere

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28
Q

stores calcium ions

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

a polymer of glucose stored in the liver and skeletal muscles

A

Glycogen

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30
Q

a red pigment that stores oxygen in the skeletal muscle cell

A

myoglobin

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31
Q

organelles made of repeating units called sarcomeres

A

myofibrils

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32
Q

myosin heads pull the actin toward the center of the sarcomere

A

power stroke

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33
Q

ATP binds to the myosin head causing it to let go of the actin

A

cross bridge detachment

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34
Q

myosin heads attach to exposed binding site on the actin

A

cross bridge attachment

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35
Q

the energy from the Atp molecule is used to reposition the myosin head

A

re-cocking of the myosin head

36
Q

exposes the hidden binding sites on the actin myofilament

A

calcium ions

37
Q

a motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it controls

A

motor end plate

38
Q

the space between the nerve ending and the motor end plate

A

synaptic cleft

39
Q

how we increase the strength of muscle contractions

A

recruitment of motor units

40
Q

the neurotrasnsmitter at the neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

41
Q

folded, indented part of the sarcolemna

A

motor end plate

42
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibers

A
  1. Red
  2. Pink
  3. White
43
Q

What determines which type of muscle fibers will predominate

A

Genetics

44
Q

What are the 5 Major Endocrine Glands

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Pineal
  3. Thyroid
  4. Parathyroid
  5. Adrenal
45
Q

What is the only function of the Endocrine Glands

A

Their only function is to produce hormones

46
Q

What are the 2 Families of Hormones

A
  1. Amino acid based hormones
  2. Steroid hormones
47
Q

hydrophobic – can cross the plasma membrane. Receptors are inside the cell. When the hormone binds to its receptor genes are activated and proteins are produced

A

Steroid hormones

48
Q

hydrophilic – cannot cross the plasma membrane. Receptors are on the plasma membranes. Uses a second-messenger system

A

Amino acid based hormones

49
Q

What are the 2 ways hormones are removed

A
  • Broken down by enzymes.
  • Excreted by the kidneys.
50
Q

What is required for TH production

A

Iodine

51
Q

What are the 2 forms of TH

A
  1. T4 (4 iodine atoms)
  2. T3 (3 iodine atoms)
52
Q

What is the most active form of TH

A

TH3

53
Q

What TH is predominately released

A

T4

54
Q

What 2 Hormones are produced in the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): water retention.
  2. Oxytocin: uterine contractions, lactation, social bonding.
55
Q

What 6 Hormones are produced in the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Growth Hormone (GH)
  2. Prolactin (PRL)
  3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
56
Q

What 2 Glands make up the Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands

A
  1. Adrenal medulla: part of the sympathetic NS. Produces the catecholamines.
  2. Adrenal cortex: endocrine tissue. Produces the corticosteroids.
57
Q

What are the 3 Families of Corticosteroids

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids: Ex. Aldosterone: ↑Na+ retention by kidneys.
  2. Glucocorticoids: Ex. Cortisol: increases nutrient levels in the blood; stress response.
  3. Gonadocorticoids: Ex. Testosterone and estrogen: exact role not completely understood.
58
Q

What does the Pineal Gland produce

A

Melatonin

59
Q

What do Alpha Cells in the Pancreas produce

A

Glucagon

60
Q

What is the Largest Endocrine gland

A

Throid Gland

61
Q

What do Beta Cells in the Pancreas produce

A

Insulin

62
Q

What are the 2 classifications of muscle fibers

A
  1. Speed of Contraction
  2. Metabolic Pathways
63
Q

What is it called when the muscle is able to generate enough tension to move the load. Muscle length changes

A

Isotonic Contraction

64
Q

What is it called when the muscle generates peak tension, but still cannot move the load. Muscle length does not change

A

Isometric contraction

65
Q
  • Occurs when muscle receives stimuli in rapid succession.
  • Muscle doesn’t relax between stimuli.
  • Each successive stimulus causes a stronger contraction (wave summation).
  • Due to ↑intracellular Ca++.
A

Tetanus

66
Q

What are the 2 parts of ATP

A

Adenosine and 3 Phosphates

67
Q

What do Oxidative Fibers rely primarily on for ATP

A

Aerobic Respiration

68
Q

What do Glycolytic fibers primarily rely on for ATP

A

Anaerobic Respiration

69
Q

What are the 2 filaments in Myofibrils

A

Thick Filaments and Thin Filaments

70
Q

What do Thick Filaments contain

A
  • Composed mostly of the protein myosin
  • Consist of two heads and two tails wrapped around each other
  • Heads have binding sites for actin and ATP
71
Q

What do Think filaments contain

A
  • Contain protein actin, which is binding site for myosin heads
  • Binding sites blocked by tropomyosin
72
Q

in Skeletal muscle cells energy from ATP is used for what?

A
  1. Cross-bridge detachment & recocking of the myosin head.
  2. Ca++ pump
73
Q

What is Acetylcholine destroyed by?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

74
Q

What produces the Alpha and Beta cells in the Pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

75
Q

Where do the Adrenal Glands sit?

A

They sit on top of the kidneys

76
Q

What do the Gonadotropins do and what are the 2 horomones associated with them

A

they regulate the function of the ovaries and testes.

FSH and LH

77
Q

Where is the Thyroid gland located?

A

Right under the Larynx and Trachea

78
Q

How many lobes are part of the Pituatary gland and what are they

A

2

The Anterior Lobe and the Posterior Lobe

79
Q

shut off synthesis and release of anterior pituitary hormones

A

Inhibiting hormones

80
Q

controls the thyroid, adrenal cortex and gonads

A

Anterior Pituatary hormones

81
Q

stimulate synthesis and release of anterior pituitary hormones

A

Releasing hormones

82
Q

Where is the Pituitary Gland located

A

Located below the hypothalamus and sits in the sella turcica.

83
Q

What is the Pituitary Gland connected to the Hypothalamus by

A

infundibulum

84
Q

Where is the Parathyroid Gland located

A

Posterior Thyroid

85
Q

How many Glands of Parathyroid hormone do you usually have

A

4 but varies up to 8

86
Q

Where is the Pineal Gland located

A

Located in the Brain

87
Q

What does melatonin regulate

A

Sleep/wake cycle

General Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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