Nutrition Of Macronutrients

Question 1

What two vies can nutrition be viewed from?

Answer 1

Food-based view
- behaviors and what people should do

Metabolic view
- dietary mechanisms

Question 2

What are the essential amino acids?

Answer 2

Thr, trp, Val, leu, lys, ileu, met, phe, his

Question 3

What are the essential lipids?

Answer 3

Linoleic acid

Linolenic acid

Question 4

What is the metabolic fate/end point for all three macro nutrients?

Answer 4

Carbs = water, CO2 and ATP

Protein = water, CO2, ATP and Nitrogen

Lipids = water, CO2 and ATP

Question 5

What are the daily recommendations for carbs, proteins and lipids

Answer 5

Carbs = 45-65% total calories

• minimum of 130 g CHO/day
• added sugars = less than 10% of total kcal if not less
• dietary fiber = 25 and 38 g for females and males respectively

Protein = 0.8 g/kg per body weight

Lipids = 20-35% total kcal

• sat fat = less than 10% of total kcal if not less
• trans fats = as close to 0 as possible

Question 6

How much energy (kcal) does each macronutrient produce?

Answer 6

Carbs = 4 kcal/g

Protein = 4 kcal/g

Lipid = 9 kcal/g

Question 7

Simple vs complex carbohydrates

Answer 7

Simple = 1/2 carbohydrate units
- monosaccharides and disaccharides

Complex = 3-20 sugar units
- oligosaccrharides and polysaccharides

Question 8

Most common monosaccharides

Answer 8

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Question 9

Most common disaccharides

Answer 9

Maltose

Sucrose

Lactose

Question 10

Most common polysaccharides

Answer 10

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Question 11

At what range is the cut off for ketosis?

Answer 11

50g

- anything less and your in ketosis

Question 12

How does acetyl CoA usage change with respect to glucose/carbohydrate intake

Answer 12

Adequate intake = Oxaloacetic acid (OAA) is formed in proper numbers
- Acetyl CoA and OAA enter TCA and produce ATP

Inadequate intake = OAA is not produced in proper numbers

• Acetyl CoA forms ketone bodies instead (acetone/acetoacetate, etc)
• ketone bodies can be used as fuel for ATP, but too high concentrations can mess up acid-base concentrations

Question 13

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 13

Occurs in liver and small amounts in kidney

- is de novo synthesis and not glycolysis in reverse

Question 14

What 3 amino acids are needed for gluconeogenesis to occur?

Answer 14

Ala, pro, ser

Question 15

What are the 2 semiessential amino acids?

Answer 15

Cysteine (Cys)
- if large amounts of MET are present, can be synthesized de novo

Tyrosine (Tyr)
- if large amounts of phenylalanine (phe) are present, can be synthesized de novo

Question 16

Difference between animal and plant proteins

Answer 16

Animal proteins = tend to be complete (contain all essentials)
- exception is gelatin

Plant proteins = tend to be incomplete (do not contain all essentials)
- exception is soy and quinoa

Question 17

What are the most common missing amino acids for plant proteins?

Answer 17

Methionine

Lysine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Called limiting amino acids

Question 18

what is the absolute limit of protien intake?

Answer 18

1. 6g per lb of body weight

- this is only for athletes and even they dont get to this much

Question 19

What medication is notorious for need more protein intake to counter balance side effects

Answer 19

Prednisone

Question 20

When losing weight do fat cells every disappear?

Answer 20

NO only the fat reservoir diminishes

- hence why people who are fat and then lose weight often gain it back if not being strict