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PAR3032 - Special Populations > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the age range of a newborn?

A

birth - 24 hours

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2
Q

What is the age range of a small infant?

A

Under 3 months

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3
Q

What is the age range of a Large infant?

A

3-12 months

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4
Q

What is the age range of a Small child?

A

1-4 years

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5
Q

What is the age range of a medium child??

A

5-11 years

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6
Q

What is the weight of a newborn?

A

3.5kg

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7
Q

What is the weight of a 3-month-old?

A

6kg

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8
Q

what is the weight of a 6-month-old?

A

8 kg

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9
Q

what is the weight of a 1-year-old?

A

10kg

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10
Q

what is the weight formula for children aged 1-9?

A

Age x 2 +8

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11
Q

what is the weight formula for children aged 10-11?

A

Ages x 3.3

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12
Q

What are some airway differences with paeds?

A
  • Under 6 months - nasal breather
  • larynx higher and more anterior
  • narrower airway
  • Age 3-8 may experience adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy
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13
Q

What are some breathing differences with paeds?

A
  • relies heavily on diaphragm
  • ribs lie more horizontaly and contribute less to chest expansion
  • muscles fatigue quicker
  • WOB contributes to 1% of metabolic demand
  • high metabolic requirements and oxygen consumption
  • high resp rate
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14
Q

What is the tidal volume of a paed?

A

5-7 ml/kg

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15
Q

What are the circulation differences of paeds?

A
  • At birth - both ventricles ar esame size
  • by age 2 RV is half diameter as LV
  • Relative circulating volume is higher than adults but overall vol is low

-

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16
Q

What are the differences with the paediatric immune system?

A
  • immature at birth
  • maternal antibodies provide limited protection but decline after 6 months age
  • breastfeeding provides smoe increased protection from resp and gastro diseases
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17
Q

What is the HR and BP & RR of a newborn?

A

110-170
>60
25-60

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18
Q

What is the HR and BP & RR of a small infant?

A

110-170
>60
25-60

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19
Q

What is the HR and BP & RR of a large infant?

A

105-165
>65
25-55

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20
Q

What is the HR and BP & RR of a small child?

A

85-150
>70
20-40

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21
Q

What is the HR and BP & RR of a medium child?

A

70-135
>80
16-34

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22
Q

What are signs of resp distress with a paediatric?

A
  • tachypnoea
  • chest wall retration
  • nasal flaring
  • use of accessory muscles
  • trachael tugging
  • abdo protrustion
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23
Q

What is the verbal response section of the pad GCS (<4)

A 
5 - appropriate words/smile
4 - cries but consolable
3 - persistently irritable
2 - moans to pain
1 - none
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24
Q

What are the skin changes in paeds?

A
  • large body surface area leads to greater risk of heat and fluid loss
  • thinner skin and less karatin
  • more affected by topical toxins
  • smaller burns more likely to be serious
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25
Q

what are the GIT differences in paeds?

A
  • more likely to have reflux and regirgitation issues
  • stomach emptying time increased
  • large liver - 4% of body weight at birth
26
Q

what are the skeletal differences in paeds?

A

limited ossification of bones

- not complete until over 20 years of age

27
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage?

A

age 0-2

Infant explores worls thorugh direct sensory and motor contact

  • object perminence
  • seperation and anxiety develop
28
Q

what is preoperational stage?

A

2- 6 years

child uses symbols to represent objects but does not reason logically

  • ability to pretend
  • egocentric
29
Q

what is the concrete operational stage?

A

6-12 years

Can think logically about concrete objects

  • understands conversation
  • can add and subteact
30
Q

What is the formal operation stage?

A

12 - adult

reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms

31
Q

What are the physical milestones from birth - 4 months?

A
  • moves whole body
  • reacts to sudden loud noises
  • eyes shut in birth light
  • able to lift head and chest when lying on stomach
  • begins to roll from side to side
  • able to grasp object in hands
32
Q

What are the physical milestones from 4-8 months?

A
  • can sit up
  • rasies head when on stomach
  • tries to crawl
  • rolls from back to stomach
  • turns head to sounds of voices
33
Q

What are the social milestones from 4-8 months?

A
  • responds to name

- recognises familiar people

34
Q

What are the cognitive milestones from 4-8 months?

A
  • explores objects by looking and mouthing

- shakes and stares at toys

35
Q

What are the language milestones from 4-8 months?

A

babbles and repeats sounds

36
Q

What are the physical milestones from 8-12 months?

A
  • pulls to standing position
  • rasies self to sitting
  • steps using furniture
  • crawls quickly
  • uses hands to feed themselves
37
Q

What are the language milestones from 8-12 months?

A
  • responds to name
  • responds to family
  • says words like dada and mama
38
Q

What are the physical milestones from 1-2 years?

A

walks
climbs
runs

39
Q

What are the language milestones from 1-2 years?

A

understands and follows questions commands

  • says first name
  • says many words
40
Q

What are the physical milestones from 2-3 years?

A

uses pencil to draw/scribble

  • gets dressed with help
  • able to open doors
41
Q

What are the language milestones from 2-3 years?

A

uses two to three words together

42
Q

What are the physical milestones from 3-5 years?

A

dresses with little help
hops, jumps and runs
toilet trained

43
Q

What are the language milestones from 3-5 years?

A

speaks in sentances

44
Q

How does absorption pharmikokinetcs change with paeds?

A

alteref fat absorption and active absorption alters drug bioavailability

  • GIT transit times change across age groups
45
Q

How does intramuscular pharmikokinetcs change with paeds?

A

muscle perfusion is highly variable in neonates making IM unreliable

46
Q

How does distribution pharmikokinetcs change with paeds?

A
  • higher % of body water in paeds results in greater distribution of hydrophillic drugs
  • higher % of fat leads to greater area of distribution for liophilic drugs
47
Q

How does membrane permeability pharmikokinetcs change with paeds?

A

at birth blood-brain barrier is underdeveloped

48
Q

How does metabolism pharmikokinetcs change with paeds?

A
  • livermakes up larger % of body weight

- liver tuns drugs into more water soluble cmpounds aiding excretion

49
Q

How does excretion pharmikokinetcs change with paeds?

A

reneal excretion lower in neonates but higher in pre-school aged children

50
Q

Cardiac arrest in paeds is usually caused by

A
  • hypotension
  • hypoxia
  • acidosis
51
Q

What are the key ECG findings seen with paed cardiac arrest ?

A
  • bradycardia
  • PEA
  • asystole
52
Q

what are the structural causes of sudden cardiac arrest in paeds?

A
  • cardiomyopathies
  • coronary artery abnormalities
  • AAA - marfans syndrome
  • Myocarditis
  • Valvular diseases
  • Congenital heart disease
53
Q

what are the electrical causes of sudden cardiac arrest in paeds?

A
  • long QT syndrome
  • Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
  • Brugada
  • 3rd degree heart block
54
Q

what are the other causes of sudden cardiac arrest in paeds?

A
  • drug use

- commotio cordis

55
Q

What are the warning signs for sudden cardiac arrest with paeds?

A
  • dizziness
  • chest pain
  • syncope
  • palpitations
  • dyspnea
  • family hx of unexplained deaths
56
Q

What are the various bvm sizes in ml for adults/paeds/infants?

A

adult - 1600ml
paed - 500ml
infant - 240ml

57
Q

What is the compression/ventilation rate for paeds and why?

A

15:2

  • higher ventilation rates
  • different aetiology of cardiac arrest
58
Q

What is the compression/ventilation rate for neonates and why?

A

3:1

FIRST 24 hours - only during intra-uterine to extra-uterine transition

59
Q

What current do you shock a paed at for cardiac arrest?

A

4j/kg

60
Q

What does the COACHED approach stand for in high performance CPR?

A 
C - continue compressions
O - Oxygen away
A - All other away
C- Charging
H - Hands off
E - Evaluate rhythm
D - defib or disarm
61
Q

What are the reversible causes of PEA?

A
  • hypovolaemia
  • tension pneumothorax
  • pericardial tamponade
  • electrolyte abnormalities

PAR3032 - Special Populations (13 decks)

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