Organic Synthesis Flashcards
How are nitrile formed
Haloalkane + NaCN + ethanol = nitrile + salt
How are hydroxynitriles formed
Aldehyde/ketone + HCN = hydroxynitrile
Why might HCN not be used and what may replace it
Poisonous gas
NaCN
How are amines produced
Reduction
Nitrile + H2 = amine
Nickel catalyst
How can carboxylic acids be formed from nitrile
Nitrile + H2O +Hcl = carboxylic acid + ammonium chloride
Describe alkylation
Transfer of alkyl group from haloalkane to benzene ring using friedel crafts catalyst
Describe acylation
Production of aromatic ketone from acyl chloride and benzene using friedel craft catalyst
Describe filtration under reduced pressure
Attach pressure tubing to vaccum pump and buchner flask
Attach buchner funnel to flaks using rubber bung
Turn on vaccum pump
Add filter paper and check for suction
Wet with solvent
Add solution to funnel
Rinse beaker with solvent and add to funnel
Leave for 5 mins
What equipment is used in filtration under reduced pressure
Buchner funnel and flask Pressure tuning Vaccum pump Filter paper Rubber bung
Describe how recrystalisation works
Add dry impure sample to beaker Add solvent and heat (use min volume possible) Leave to cool Filter under reduced pressure
Compare the melting point an impure sample to a pure one
Lower mp
Over a larger range
Describe how you would prepare a sample for melting point determination
Ensure sample is dry and free flowing
Heat one end of cappilary tube over bunsen to seal one end
Allow to cool
Press into sample 3mm deep
What are the different ways to determine melting point
Electrical and theile tube
Describe electrical determination of mp
Add capillary tube and thermometer into holes
Use rapid heat setting
Record temp at which sample begins to melt (use magnifying window)
Allow to cool
Repeat using low setting when approaching mp
Describe how you would use a thiele tube to determine mp
Set up thiele tube or oil bath
Place thermometer and capillary tube through bung
Clamp
Heat arm or beaker using microburner
Record temp at which sample begins to melt
Cool and repeat going slower
