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Biology Lecture Exam 1 > Evolution | Study Cards > Flashcards

Evolution | Study Cards Flashcards

1
Q

What did Aristotle believe in?

A

Believed in the Scala of Naturae & Believed that nonliving and living things are “fixed” and do not change over time. He also did not believe that species could go extinct/created.

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2
Q

Describe the Scala of Naturae

A
  • A ladder like classification of nature from simplest –> complex.
  • Humans were at the top of ladder and even inorganic matter was included (fire, water, wood, etc)
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3
Q

What did Geoges Cuvier believe in & what was he the founder of?

A

He believed in the Theory of Catastrphe & he was the founder of Paleontology

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4
Q

What did the Thoery of Catastrophism establish

A

That extinction was a fact

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5
Q

What 2 things did Jean Baptise believe in?

A

Principle of Use and Disuse & Inheritance of Accquired Traits

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6
Q

Describe the Principle of Use and Disuse

A

The more an organism uses a trait the more it grows in that creatures lifetime. The less likely they use it the more likely it will be erased from a generation.

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7
Q

Describe the Inheritance of Acquired Traits

A

An Organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent accquired through use and disuse

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8
Q

What was Lamarck’s 3 Contributions?

A

1) All species change over time
2) New Characteristics are passed from one generaton to the next
3) Organisms change in response to their enviroment

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9
Q

What did Charles Darwin do on his voyage?

A

Observed that plants and animals adapt to their own enviroments

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10
Q

List the 3 influences on Darwin:

A

1) ) Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell:
2) Personal Observations
3) Essay on the Principle of the Population by T.Malthus

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11
Q

Describe natural selection

A

A mechanism for evolution

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12
Q

What are the 4 requirements for Natural Selection?

A

1) Natural Variation
2) Heritability
3) Differential Survival
4) Differential Reproduction

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13
Q

What is Natural Variation?

A

Individuals within the same species have variation

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14
Q

What is Heritability?

A

The only traits that can be inherited by offspring are ones that are genetic

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15
Q

What is Differential Survival?

A

Many offspring do not survive due to low resources

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16
Q

What is Differential Reproduction

A

All organisms can produce more offspring than the enviroment can support

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17
Q

What is the Malthus Principle

A

Every generation more offspring than the envroment can support

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18
Q

What was On the Origin of Species by Mean of Natural Selection by Charles Darwin about?

A

Proposed that all diversity of life is driven by Natural Selection & that all life on Earth is related to and evolved form a common ancestor

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19
Q

Is there a goal for natural selection?

A

no

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20
Q

Does natural selection create?

A

No, it only modifies & selects the best traits

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21
Q

List the 5 pieces of evidence for

evolution

A

1) Fossils
2) Biogeogrpahical
3) Anatomical
4) Similarities in Embryos
5) Biochemical (DNA)

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22
Q

What can you prove with fossils?

A

You can trace the evolutionary ancestry of an organism

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23
Q

Describe Biogeography in reference to fossils

A

Provides info on how different groups may have evolved due to the geographic distributions of animals and plants

24
Q

Describe anatomical in reference to fossils

A

All vertebrea forelimbs contain the same sets of bones ( Homologous Structures )

25
Q

Describe the similarties in embroys in reference to fossils

A

Embryos of different species look & develop similarily

26
Q

Describe Biochemicals in reference to fossil s

A

All organisms have a degree of similarity in the DNA base structures

27
Q

What is MIcroevolution?

A

Accumulation of small genetic changes within a single population

Microevolution takes place within a short period of time & below a species level
28
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of organisms among the same species in the same geographic area

29
Q

When do you know when a population has evolved?

A

When there is a change in the allele frequency

30
Q

What is a species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed, reproduce, and share a genetic heritance naturally

31
Q

What is a gene?

A

Code for DNA that can code for a characteristic

32
Q

What is an allele?

A

Variations of a gene that you get from both parents

33
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Genetic makeup of an individual

34
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Physical expression of a gene

35
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

Total aggregation of genes in a populatjon at any one time

36
Q

Derscribe the Hardy - Weinberg Equilibrium

A

The genetic variation in a populatjon will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors

37
Q

What is the purpose of the Hardy - Weinerbg Equil?

A

To test whether or not a population is evolving

38
Q

List the 5 conditions for the Hardy - Weinberg Equil

A
  • 1) No mutatons
  • ‘2) No geneflow
  • 3) Population is infinetly large
  • 4) No Natural Selection
  • 5) Random mating
39
Q

List the 5 causes for Microevolution

A

1) Genetic Mutation
2) Gene Flow
3) Non- Random mating
4) Genetic Drift
5) Natural selection

40
Q

Describe Genetic Mutation

A

Changes in the gene causes a change in allele frequency

41
Q

What are the 3 options a mutation can be?

A

lethal, neautral, or beneficial

42
Q

Describe Gene Flow

A

When organisms move from one place to another ( the immigrants reproduce and introduce new allleles into the population)

43
Q

What is non-random mating

A

When indivduals do not choose their mates randomly and have a preference

44
Q

What is Assertive MAting?

A

Individuals tend to mate with those with the same phenotype

45
Q

What is Sexual Selection

A

Males compete for their right to reproduce & females choose the males with a particular preference

46
Q

What is Genetic Drift

A

Changes in the alllele frequency due to chance & tends to reduce genetic variability

47
Q

What are the two causes for Genetic Drift?

A

1) Bottleneck effect

2) Founder Effect

48
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

Give an example

A

An event that prevents the majority of genotypes from entering the next generation

ex) Disaes, starvation, drought

49
Q

What is the founder effect?

describe it

A

Few individuals establish a new popualtion & only carry a fraction of alleles

Moving from one place to another where they have never been before

50
Q

What are the 3 types of natural selection?

A

1) Directional Selection
2) Stabalizing Selection
3) Disruptive Selection

51
Q

Describe Directional Selection

A

When an extreme phenotype is the best fit

52
Q

Describe Stabalizing Selection

A

When an intermediate phenotype is the best fit

53
Q

Describe Disruptive Selection

A

Two or more extreme phenotypes of better than the intermediate

54
Q

Which type of natural selection is the least common in nature

A

Disruptive Selection

55
Q

What are the 3 implications of conservation

A

1) Endangered species may experience a decrease in genetic diversity
2) Small number of individuals used for captive breeding programs may not actually represent the entirity of a species genetic diverity
3) Recovered populations may still be less resistant to cope with enviromental changes

Biology Lecture Exam 1 (10 decks)

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