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Class 3 > Lecture 31: Urine Composition, functions of the kidney, and basic nephron processes > Flashcards

Lecture 31: Urine Composition, functions of the kidney, and basic nephron processes Flashcards

1
Q

How much normal urine do we produce in a day?

A

1.5L/day

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2
Q

What percentage of urine is water?

A

95% - 98%

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3
Q

What are three metabolic wastes that our body excretes through our urine?

A

creatinine
urea
uric acid

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4
Q

What is present in the urine that can determine the pH?

A

H+, NH3

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5
Q

What ions are present in the urine?

A

Na+, K+

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6
Q

Does normal urine contain drugs and toxins?

A

yes

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7
Q

What 10 things are present in normal urine?

A 
water
creatinine
urea
uric acid
H+
NH3
K+
Na+
drugs 
toxins
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8
Q

What things do you expect in pathologic urine (6)

A 
glucose
protein
blood
haemoglobin
leucocytes
bacteria
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9
Q

What does normal urine look, taste and smell like?

A
  • looks clear, light or dark amber look
  • tastes acidic (not sweet)
  • smells unremarkable
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10
Q

What does pH depend on and what is the approximate pH for a vegetarian and meat eater?

A

diet
vegetarians: pH up to 7.2
meat eaters: pH 4.8

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11
Q

What does pathological urine look, taste and smell like?

A
  • looks golden, red, brown, blue
  • taste sweet
  • smells like fruit or rotten
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12
Q

What 5 things can we look for in a urinalysis?

A 
red blood cells
spez. gravity
glucose
protein
pH
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13
Q

What is spez. gravity?

A

it gives an indication where the osmotic value of association is

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14
Q

Is blood present in plasma and urine?

A

no, neither

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15
Q

What is the range of spez. gravity in the plasma and urine?

A

285 - 300 mOsmol/L in plasma

50 - 1335 mOsmol/L in urine

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16
Q

Is glucose present in the plasma and the urine?

A

yes in the plasma but not in the urine

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17
Q

What is the pH range in the plasma and the urine?

A

plasma: 7.4
urine: 4.5 - 8.0

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18
Q

What are 9 functions of the kidney?

  • ________ production
  • M________
  • G________
  • _______ regulation
  • excretion of ______, endogenous _______ and _________
  • reabsorption of ________
  • _____/______ homeostasis
  • ________ homeostasis
A
  • hormone production
  • metabolism
  • gluconeogenesis
  • pH regulation
  • excretion of drugs, endogenous metabolites and toxins
  • re-absorption of nutrients
  • salt/ion homeostasis
  • water homeostasis
19
Q

What two things determine blood pressure and why?

A

Na+ and H2O because these two determine the blood volume

20
Q

Why is it important that the kidneys produce hormones, using EPO as an example?
What does chronic renal failure mean in terms of the number of red blood cells and haemoglobin in the blood?

A
  • low O2 levels are detected by the kidneys
  • the kidney releases EPO which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
  • chronic renal failure means that there are low levels of red blood cells/ haemoglobin in the blood
21
Q

What is meant by the metabolism function of the kidneys?

A

the kidneys convert compounds into water soluble compounds

22
Q

What is meant by the gluconeogenesis function of the kidneys?

A

the kidneys want to convert amino acids to glucose in the fasting mode

23
Q

Why is it important to maintain Na+ and K+ homeostasis?

A
  • to maintain normal blood pressure

- to maintain a normal resting membrane potential

24
Q

What can happen if K+ concentration gets too high?

A

it can lead to hyperkalemia which can cause death

25
Q

How does the excretion of lipid soluble and water soluble drug from the kidney differ?

A
  • lipid soluble is excreted by the kidneys after metabolisation in the liver
  • water soluble is excreted directly by the kidneys
26
Q

Why does vomiting increase the pH of the blood?

A

Because acid is being removed from the body so the blood is basic

27
Q

Why does diarrhoea change blood pH?

A

because HCO3- is being removed from the body so the blood is acidic

28
Q

How do the lungs and the kidneys control pH of the blood?

A

HCO3- concentration in the blood is controlled by the lungs (exhalation of CO2) and kidneys by reabsorption of HCO3- or secretion of H+ ions

29
Q

What are the three basic processes of the nephron?

A

filtration
secretion
re-absorption

30
Q

What is filtration?

A

when small molecules pass through to create a plasma-like filtrate of the blood

31
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

this is when useful solutes are removed from the filtrate and returned into the blood

32
Q

What is secretion?

A

additional wastes from the blood are added to the filtrate

33
Q

What is the difference between excretion and secretion of the kidneys?

A

excretion = filtration - reabsorption + secretion

excretion is what the final product it
secretion is when additional wastes are added to the filtrate from the blood

34
Q

What are three different ways that different molecules are released by the body? Give examples

A
  • some substances need to be filtered and then partly reabsorbed (Na+/K+)
  • some substances need to be filtered and then entirely reabsorbed (glucose)
  • some substances need to be filtered and actively secreted so they are completely removed from the body (PAH)
35
Q

What process takes place in the glomerulus in the nephron?

A

filtration

36
Q

What process takes place in the proximal tubule in the nephron?

A

bulk reabsorption of Na+ and K+, secretion of metabolites, drugs and toxins

37
Q

What process takes place in the distal tubule in the nephron?

A

fine tuning of electrolytes/water reabsorption

38
Q

What process takes place in the collecting duct in the nephron?

A

fine tuning of electrolytes/water reabsorption

39
Q

Where is the only place that glucose is reabsorbed?

A

in the proximal tubule

40
Q

Where is K+ reabsorbed and where is it secreted?

A

is it reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and secreted in the collecting duct

41
Q

Water is reabsorbed in most parts of the nephron. Where is it not?

A

not in the ascending nephron

42
Q

Drugs and toxins are mostly excreted by _______ ________ not _______

A

active secretion

filtration

43
Q

Big molecules are not even _________

A

filtered

Class 3 (41 decks)

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