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BDS3 BAMS Anatomy > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the norma verticalis

A

viewed from above and we can see the roof of the cranial cavity

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2
Q

What is the other name for the norma verticalis

A

sometimes referred to as the calvaria of the skull

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3
Q

What bones make up the norma verticalis

A

frontal
parietal
occipital

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4
Q

Describe the frontal bone in a child

A

until about the age of 3 years, the frontal bone is made up of 2 halves but the two sides usually fuse together

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5
Q

What is the suture called that brings the two frontal bones together

A

metopic suture

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6
Q

What does the frontal bone overlie

A

the frontal lobe

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7
Q

What are sutures

A

fibrous joints

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8
Q

How do the bones of the vault of the skull form

A

via intramembranous ossification

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9
Q

What is intramembranous ossification

A

this is when a membrane forms in the embryo from ectomesenchyme and the mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and lay down the bone and there is no cartilage precursor

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10
Q

What is the anterior opening seen in children called

A

anterior fontanelle

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11
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close up

A

18 months - 2 years

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12
Q

What meets at the anterior fontanelle

A

the metopic suture, the sagittal suture and the coronal suture meet and it appears as a diamond opening

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13
Q

What happens to sutures as we age

A

As we get older the sutures tend to become ossified
In general, a young person tends to have open sutures with fibrous tissue still there but with older people the fibrous tissue may be replaced by bone

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14
Q

What important landmark can be seen in the parietal bones

A

parietal foramen

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15
Q

What is the parietal foramen for

A

carries a little vein between the veins of the skull and the venous channels inside the head which allows for venous communication between the inside and outside of the cranial cavity

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16
Q

What are the 3 sutures called

A

coronal
saggital
lambdoid

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17
Q

What is commonly seen in the lambdoid suture

A

sutural/wormian bones

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18
Q

What are wormian bones

A

little islets of bones in the suture

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19
Q

What are the 2 reasons sutures are important

A

for fetal development

for birth

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20
Q

Why are sutures important for fetal development

A

§ Skull bones are going and new bone needs to be laid down from the outside and preserved from the inside
Bone is added at the sutures

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21
Q

Why are sutures important in birth

A

§ Bones are thin and the sutures allow movement of the bones

Allows babies head to pass down the canal easier

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22
Q

What is the external occipital protuberance

A

it is found on the external surface of the squama of the occipital bone. It is subcutaneous and therefore is an easily palpable landmark

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23
Q

What is the superior and inferior nuchal line

A

found on the external surface of the squama of the occipital bone. These act as an attachment point for the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles

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24
Q

What are the bones of the norma lateralis

A 
frontal 
occipital 
temporal
parietal
sphenoid
zygomatic
mandible
maxilla
nasal
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25
Q

What does the frontal bone contribute to in the norma laterals

A

forehead and orbital roof

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26
Q

Where is the glabella found

A

on the external surface of the frontal bone between the super ciliary arches and is a smooth raised elevation

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27
Q

How is the glabella different between the sexes

A

The prominence of the superciliary arches and the adjoining glabella is greater in males and is usually dependent on the size of the frontal sinuses

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28
Q

Describe the occipital bone

A

It has a squamous part which is situated above and behind the foramen magnum

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29
Q

Where does the temporal bone meet the zygomatic bone

A

the zygomatic process meets it

a suture is present where they meet - zygomatic temporal suture

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30
Q

What are the parts of the temporal bone

A

petrous, mastoid, squamous, tympanic

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31
Q

Describe the mastoid part of the temporal bone

A

It is the posterior region of the temporal bone

lies below the squamous part and behind the tympanic part

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32
Q

Describe the petrous part of the temporal bone

A

is in the base of the skull and where this joins to the mastoid part it is called the petromastoid part of the temporal bone

33
Q

Describe the squamous part of the temporal bone

A

thin and translucent
forms the anterior and upper part of the bone
the outer part of the squama provides attachment for the temporals muscle

34
Q

Describe the tympanic part of the temporal bone

A

the tympanic part of the temporal bone is a semicircular plate of bone that forms the anterior/inferior and posterior boundaries of the bony part of the acoustic meatutus

35
Q

What are other significant landmarks on the temporal bone

A

styloid process

mastoid process

36
Q

What is the mastoid process

A

is comprises most of the mastoid part
it is a large conical projection located immediately behind the external acoustic meatus
known to be larger in males

37
Q

What does the mastoid process provide attachment for

A

sternocleidomastoid
splenius capitis
longissimus capitis muscle

38
Q

What is the styloid process

A

elongated narrow projection of bone

lies between the tympanic part and the posterior border of the jugular foramen

39
Q

What are the bones of the norma lateralis

A 
frontal
occipital 
temporal 
parietal
sphenoid
zygomatic
mandible
maxilla
nasal
40
Q

What is the pterion

A

H shaped
made up of the sphenoid, the parietal, the frontal and temporal bone
thin area of bone

41
Q

What is dangerous about the pterion

A

it is close to the middle meningeal artery

a breakage of the pterion can result in an extra dural hemorrhage

42
Q

What are the temporal lines

A

superior and inferior

43
Q

What is the inferior temporal line for

A

temporalis muscle attaches to the bone here in the temporal fossa

44
Q

What is the superior temporal line for

A

where the dense fascia covering the temporalis muscle attaches

45
Q

What bones can be seen in the norma frontalis

A 
frontal bone 
anterior bony aperture of the nose 
orbits
maxilla 
nasal bones
zygomatic bones
mandible
46
Q

Describe the maxilla

A

2 bones

can see a suture at the midline

47
Q

What does the maxilla contribute to

A

contributes to the anterior nasal aperture

contributes to the lower part and slightly medial part of the orbital margin and extends back to the orbital floor

48
Q

What do the right and left nasal bones form

A

the bridge of the nose

49
Q

Why are the nasal bones often broken

A

they are very thin

50
Q

What do the zygomatic bones form

A

the bony prominence of the superolateral parts of the cheeks

51
Q

What do the zygomatic bones contribute to

A

Also forms lateral wall of orbit

52
Q

How is the zygomatic bone joined to other bones

A

§ Joined to frontal bone and maxilla by sutures and can feel them if you palpate it yourself

53
Q

Describe the mandible

A

ingle bone

§ Fibrous joint at midline but ossifies at time of birth to give a single bone

54
Q

What is bregma

A

the point of intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures and this was the location of the anterior fontanelle

55
Q

What is the supra orbital notch

A

sometimes a foramen

allows the supra orbital nerve to come out onto the forehead and supply it

56
Q

How is the supra orbital nerve used to test patient consciousness

A

○ If a patient is unconscious this nerve can be tested for pain without causing damage - a deeply unconscious patient wont respond to it

57
Q

What does the infra orbital foramen carry

A

infra orbita nere

58
Q

What does the mental foramen carry

A

it allows the inferior alveolar nerve to run onto the mandible on its medial side and the nerve runs into bone and gives off the mental nerve as a branch just below the premolar teeth and it provides sensation the chin, lower lip and gingiva

59
Q

What is the zygomatic buttress

A

zygomatic process of the maxilla and it is an important landmark in radiology

60
Q

What is C1 called

A

the atlas

61
Q

What is C2 called

A

the axis

62
Q

What makes up a typical cervical vertebrae

A 
(from anterior to posterior) 
body
anterior/posterior tubercle with foramen transversarium in between
pedicle
superior anterior facet
interior articular process
vertebral foramen
lamina
spine
63
Q

What is the vertebral foramen for

A

where inside you would find the cervical spinal cord surrounded by meninges and between the bone and meninges you would see fat and the venous plexus - all of the foramina make up the spinal canal

64
Q

what is the vertebral arch made up of

A

the pedicle

65
Q

What is a typical cervical vertebra spine

A

the spinous process splits into two in what is described as bifid

66
Q

What does the foramen transverarium carry

A

it carries the vertebral artery from C1 to C6. C7 has a hole but doesn’t carry the artery

67
Q

What is one bone joined to another by

A

by a disc made largely of fibrocartilage and is classed as a secondary cartilaginous joint
The vertebrae are also joint by facet joints

68
Q

What are the facets covered in to allow for the joints

A

cartilage

69
Q

How do spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal

A

by passing over the bone and over the pedicle

70
Q

What makes the atlas irregular

A

○ It doesn’t have a vertebral body and there is no spinous process, we just see the posterior arch of the atlas

71
Q

Describe the facets of the atlas

A

The upper surface of the atlas has kidney shaped facets, rather concave to articulate and to deal with the occipital condyles of the skull and the atlas as this is responsible for the nodding movement, flexion and extension

72
Q

What is the joint where the atlas meets the skull called

A

○ This joint is the atlanto-occipital joint

73
Q

What is different about the transverse process of the atlas

A

much wider than other vertebrae and it can be felt between the mastoid process and behind the ear and angle of the mandible

74
Q

Describe the anterior arch of the atlas

A

contains a facet for articulation with the dens of the axis and it is secured by the transverse ligament of the atlas which attaches to the lateral masses

75
Q

Describe the posterior arch of the atlas

A

has a groove for the vertebral artery and C1 spinal nerve

76
Q

Describe the atlas

A

○ Bony segment called the odontoid process (the dens) which extends superiorly from the anterior portion of the vertebrae
also contains superior articular facets which articulate with the inferior articular facets of the atlas to form the two lateral joints

77
Q

How does the axis articular with the atlas

A

○ The dens articulated with the anterior arch of the atlas and in doing so creates a joint which allows for rotation of the head

78
Q

What makes C7 atypical

A

○ Has a very obvious spinous process which is much larger than the others and not bifid and it resembles the thoracicc type
○ Vertebral artery does not go through it

BDS3 BAMS Anatomy (12 decks)

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