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BMAT > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic DNA?

A

Eukaryotes are organisms made up of a cell or cells containing DNA inside a recognisable nucleus. The DNA is present in the form of one or more linear chromosomes within the nucleus.

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2
Q

Plant cells tend to be ? than animal cells?

A

Plant cells tend to be larger than animal cells.

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3
Q

All eukaryotic cells have?

A

a cell membrane and cytoplasm, most have nucleus

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4
Q

mitochondria are not visible using a ?

A

light microscope

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5
Q

Most eukaryotic cells have ?

A

a nucleus. Exceptions are mature red blood cells in mammals.

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6
Q

plant cells have?

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell wall
  • sap vacuole
  • cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • photosynthetic ones have chloroplasts
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7
Q

CM structure and description?

A

A partially permeable layer that forms a boundary around the cytoplasm of the cell

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8
Q

Chromosomal DNA structure + description?

A

One or more linear pieces of double-stranded DNA.

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9
Q

cytoplasm structure + description?

A
  • A jelly-like region, surrounded by the cell membrane.
  • Salt ions and sugar molecules are dissolved in it. - Fat molecules and proteins, e.g. enzymes, are suspended in it.
  • It also contains food reserves (e.g. glycogen in some animal cells, starch in some plant cells) and organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria. - - Chloroplasts are present in the cytoplasm of photosynthetic plant cells.
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10
Q

nucleus structure +description?

A

Usually round or oval, contained by two nuclear membranes and containing DNA in the form of chromosomes. It is found inside the cytoplasm.

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11
Q

Mitochondrion structure + description?

A

A small organelle (can be viewed using an electron microscope) with an inner and outer membrane. The inner membrane has many inward-pointing folds.

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12
Q

plant only components are?

A
  • cell wall
  • chloroplast
  • vacuole
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13
Q

structure +description cell wall?

A

A tough, rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane made primarily of cellulose. It is freely permeable to water and salts.

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14
Q

chloroplast structure + description?

A

A small organelle with its own double membrane, found in the cytoplasm of photosynthetic plants, containing chlorophyll and other pigments

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15
Q

vacuole structure + description?

A

A fluid-filled space surrounded by a membrane in plant cells. It is found inside the cytoplasm. The fluid is called sap, which is a watery solution of sugars and salts. In some cells, e.g. rhubarb, it is also coloured.

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16
Q

CM function?

A
  • Contains the cell contents - - controls the movement of some substances into and out of the cell.
  • It allows water, oxygen and nutrients to enter and allows waste products (e.g. carbon dioxide) to leave.
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17
Q

Chromosomal DNA function?

A

Stores the genetic material required for the various cell processes.

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18
Q

Cytoplasm function?

A

Is the site of chemical reactions and contains enzymes that control these reactions. It holds the cell organelles.

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19
Q

Nucleus function?

A

Regulation of cell functions through directing the production of RNA and protein required for all cell processes, including cell division, cell differentiation (specialisation) and cell metabolism (chemical reactions).

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20
Q

Mitochondrion function?

A

Controls the production and release of ATP (usable energy) from aerobic respiration.

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21
Q

Cell wall function?

A

Provides a rigid external coat to plant cells, providing mechanical strength which allows cells to resist bursting when the cell is turgid.

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22
Q

Chloroplast function?

A

Traps (absorbs) light energy and converts it to chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis.

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23
Q

Vacuole function?

A

Stores water-soluble chemicals and ions and helps to keep plant cells and tissues firm.

24
Q

subcellular components of prokaryotic cells?

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • cell wall
  • chromosomal DNA
  • plasmid DNA
25
Q

Cell membrane structure + description ?

A

A partially permeable layer that forms a boundary between the cytoplasm and the cell wall. Functions as a boundary to restrict materials moving between the inside and outside of a cell.

26
Q

Cell wall cytoplasm structure + description ?

A

A tough, rigid external coat that surrounds the cell membrane. It is made of a complex mixture of proteins, lipids (fats) and sugars. This makes it different from plant cell walls, which are made of cellulose. Some bacterial cells have a slime capsule surrounding the cell wall.

27
Q

Chromosomal DNA (bacteria) structure + description

A

A large closed circular coiled molecule of double-stranded strand DNA located within the bacterial cytoplasm (no nucleus or enclosing membrane).

28
Q

Plasmid DNA structure + description

A

A small molecule of closed double-stranded circular DNA, usually present in multiple copies per cell.

29
Q

cytoplasm structure + description?

A

A jelly-like region, surrounded by the cell membrane. It may contain glycogen granules, fats (lipids) and other food molecules.

30
Q

CM function?

A

Contains the cell contents and controls the movement of some molecules into and out of the cell.

31
Q

Cytoplasm function?

A

Is the site of chemical reactions and contains enzymes that control these reactions. It holds the cell’s DNA.

32
Q

Cell wall function?

A

Provides structural support and protection to bacteria. It is freely permeable to small molecules, so does not control the intake or loss of materials.

33
Q

Chromosomal DNA (bacteria) function?

A

Carries genetic information that regulates most bacterial cell processes.

34
Q

Plasmid DNA function?

A

Carries genetic information for specialist cell functions (like antibiotic resistance). It can replicate and operate independently from the chromosomal DNA. Can be readily moved between different bacterial cells, including for genetic engineering (biotechnology) purposes.

35
Q

Examples of specialised cells are ?

A

ciliated cells, red blood cells, nerve cells (neurones), sperm cells, root hair cells and palisade mesophyll cells.

36
Q

Red Blood cells?

A

Red blood cells have a biconcave shape, which gives them a larger surface area for absorbing gases. They also contain a pigmented molecule called haemoglobin that binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide. Red blood cells in mammals have eliminated their nucleus and chromosomal DNA during the process of differentiation.

Function: transport of gases around the body.

37
Q

nerve cells?

A

Nerve cells are often elongated to conduct nerve impulses from one part of the body to another. Chemical reactions cause the impulses to travel along the fibre.

Function: conducting nerve impulses.

38
Q

Palisade cells?

A

Palisade mesophyll cells are columnar (elongated) and the cytoplasm is packed with chloroplasts to trap (absorb) sunlight.

Function: to make food for the plant through the process of photosynthesis.

39
Q

tissues?

A

A tissue is made up of one or a few different cell types, working together to perform a shared function. Examples include muscle (contractile tissue) associated with the skeleton, blood circulating around the body, xylem vessels in a plant stem and palisade mesophyll of a leaf.

40
Q

organ?

A

An organ is a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform a specific function.

41
Q

An organ system ?

A

is a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform a body function. Examples include the circulatory system, made up of blood, the vessels and the heart; and the shoot of a plant, made up of the stem, leaves and buds

42
Q

An organism is a

A

whole living being capable of reproduction.

43
Q

substances needed by diff organisms?

A
  • Prokaryotes must acquire nitrogen, carbon, salts and water from their surroundings in order to grow.
  • Plant cells also need carbon dioxide for chloroplasts in their photosynthetic cells to generate energy from the sun.
  • Animal cells also need oxygen for their mitochondria to generate energy from food molecules with high efficiency.
44
Q

diffusion continues until?

A

there is no net movement

45
Q

factors affecting rate of diffusion?

A
  • Concentration gradient
  • Temperature
  • Distance
  • Size
  • Surface area
46
Q

In general, small molecules can ?

A

pass freely through the cell membrane by diffusion but large molecules cannot. For example, oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and water can pass through the cell membrane, but large molecules like starch and proteins cannot.

47
Q

Examples of diffusion in living systems include:

A
  • gas exchange in the lungs (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
  • absorption and release of oxygen by red blood cells
  • absorption of solutes into the blood stream from the kidney tubules
  • absorption of digested food molecules into the blood stream from the ileum
  • movement of neurotransmitter substances across synaptic gap in the nervous system
  • absorption of carbon dioxide by palisade mesophyll cells in a leaf
  • loss of water vapour from plant leaves during transpiration.
48
Q

Examples of diffusion in non-living systems include:

A
  • spread of the smell of perfume across a room (no membrane involved)
  • spread of the brown-coloured pigments out of tea leaves in a bag when placed in hot water (non-living membrane involved)
  • spread of potassium manganate (VII) when a crystal is dropped into a beaker of water (no membrane involved)
  • movement of ammonia along a hollow glass tube, indicated by a change in colour of litmus paper placed at regular intervals inside the tube (no membrane involved)
  • movement of glucose but not starch across dialysis tubing (non-living membrane involved).
49
Q

Osmosis definition?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution) through a partially permeable membrane.

50
Q

where do plant and animal cells contain water?

A

A plant cell contains water in the sap vacuole and cytoplasm in the form of solutions. The cell wall is freely permeable to water.

An animal cell contains water in the cytoplasm, in which a variety of solutes are dissolved.

51
Q

why would animal cells burst when placed in water but not plant cells?

A
  • animal cells have no cell wall and membrane not strong enough to withstand the extra pressure from the inc in volume in the cytoplasm, plants have strong cell walls
52
Q

when cells are placed in a conc solution (lower water potential than the cell’s cytoplasm)?

A

plant cells: flaccid

animal cells: crenated

53
Q

active transport def?

A

Active transport is the movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using the energy from respiration.

54
Q

energy in AT?

A

The chemical energy from respiration is converted to kinetic energy for movement of the particles

55
Q

Role of carrier proteins in active transport?

A

Active transport is thought to be achieved by carrier proteins embedded in the membrane. They move the particles from one side of the membrane to the other.

56
Q

e.g. of AT in the human body?

A

Glucose is moved from the small intestine into the blood stream of mammals by active transport. Absorption of glucose by diffusion would stop once the concentration in the blood reached that of the intestine.

BMAT (3 decks)

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