Prokaryotes - Ch. 22

Question 1

What are the 6 kingdoms of prokaryotes?

Answer 1

1. archaebacteria
2. eubacteria
3. protista
4. fungi
5. plantae
6. animalia

Question 2

characteristics of archaebacteria and eubacteria

Answer 2

all prokaryotic, no organlles except ribsomes, smallest and simplest living things, single circular chromosomes

Question 3

arachaebacteria

Answer 3

most ancient group, 3.8 bya
ancestral probably gave rise to both eubacteria and eukaryotes
also called extremofiles

Question 4

where do archaebacteria live?

Answer 4

oxygen free enviroments, concentrated salt water, hot acidic waters

Question 5

archaebacteria types

Answer 5

methanogens (w/o oxygen), thermoacidophils (extreme heat), extreme halophils (concentrated salt)

Question 6

eubacteria

Answer 6

bacteria we commonly interact with, wide range of habitats, wide range of lifestyles (different metabolism)
types include: pneumonia, cyanobacteria, anthrax

Question 7

heterotrophic bacteria

Answer 7

food for other sources, consume organic compounds and convert to energy, found everywhere

Question 8

parasite

Answer 8

type of heterotrophic bacteria, causes disease

Question 9

saprobes

Answer 9

decomposers, very important in the carbon nitrogen cycle, attaches to other atoms to be useful biomolecules
return organic compounds to the soil as they decompose organisms, waste, etc.

Question 10

intestinal bacteria

Answer 10

synthesize biotin, vitamin B 12, folic acid, thiamine
capable of fermenting indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber), to short-chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate

Question 11

autorophic bacteria

Answer 11

make their own food

Question 12

photosynthetic autotrophs

Answer 12

cyanobacteria

Question 13

chemosynthetic autotrophs

Answer 13

convert inorganic chemicals to energy
important in the nitrogen cycle
use chemical energy instead of the sun’s energy

Question 14

diplo

Answer 14

two

Question 15

staphylo

Answer 15

bunch

Question 16

strepto

Answer 16

line

Question 17

coccus

Answer 17

sphere

Question 18

bacillus

Answer 18

rod

Question 19

gram positive

Answer 19

thicker layer of peptidoglycan, stains purple, exotoxins, cell wall is made up of many layers of peptidoglycan so it is easier to kill because antibiotics target peptidoglycan

Question 20

exotoxins

Answer 20

released by bacteria, a destroyed bacteria produces a toxin inside the cell and releases it

Question 21

gram negative

Answer 21

thin layer of peptidoglycan, stains pink, endotoxins, harder to kill because there is a layer around the peptidoglycan

Question 22

endotoxins

Answer 22

once the bacterial cell is destroyed, endotoxins in the cell wall are released

Question 23

flagellum

Answer 23

movement

Question 24

pilli and capsule

Answer 24

allows bacteria to attach to substrate

Question 25

cell wall

Answer 25

protects the cell, prevents bursting, made up by peptidoglycans, allows pressure to build up without negative effects, different than other kingdoms

Question 26

cell membrane

Answer 26

controls what enters and exits the cell

Question 27

DNA

Answer 27

genetic material

Question 28

aerobic/aerobe

Answer 28

oxygen

Question 29

anaerobic/anaerobe

Answer 29

without oxygen

Question 30

faculitative

Answer 30

doesn’t need to have

Question 31

obligative

Answer 31

has to have

Question 32

how antibiotics work

Answer 32

antibiotics disrupt the cell wall structure, bacteria take on water and burst

Question 33

what do antibiotics not work against and why?

Answer 33

viruses (non-living, no cell wall), animal cells (no cell wall), and plants (has a different type of cell wall called cellulose)

Question 34

bacterial reproduction

Answer 34

no mitosis or meiosis

asexual reproduction through binary fission

Question 35

binary fission

Answer 35

1. chromosomes are copied (replication)
2. chromosomes are separation (anaphase)
3. cell division in half (telophase)

Question 36

reproduction is rapid

Answer 36

every 20 minutes, limited resources keep growth in check, if a mutated strain arises (like resistant to an antibiotic) it can spread quickly

Question 37

genetic diversity

Answer 37

binary fission, mutations, and genetic recombination

Question 38

transformation

Answer 38

uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings

Question 39

transduction

Answer 39

viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes
viruses (bacteriophages) carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another
recombine DNA of donor and recipient cell

Question 40

conjugation

Answer 40

DNA transferred from one prokaryote to another
donor cell extends a sex pilus (mating bridge) through which DNA is transferred
required the presence of a piece of DNA called the F factor
plasmid have DNA to code and switch genetic information (or transfer it)

Question 41

plasmids

Answer 41

small ring of DNA that carries a few genes , replicates seperatly from bacterial chromosomes - doesn’t have to replicate when bacteria does but usually does.
can carry genes for antibiotic resistance - used in genetic engineering for cloning

Question 42

penicillin

Answer 42

interferes with cell wall production

Question 43

tratacycline

Answer 43

interferes with protein prodcution

Question 44

sulfa drugs

Answer 44

inhibit growth and cell production (division)

Question 45

broad spectrum antibiotic

Answer 45

will affect a wide variety of organisms