Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
the SCALP
A
- Skin
- Connective tissue
- Aponeurotic tissue
- Loose Connective Tissue
- Pericranium
- extends over the neurocranium
- Innervation to the scalp is from the trigeminal nerve and spinal cutaneous nerves
2
Q
Bones of the skull
A
- the Neurocranium and the viscerocranium = 22 bones
- Neurcroniaum bones
- Occipital
- 2 x temporal
- 2x parietal
- Sphneoid
- ethmoid
- frontal
- Viscercranium
- 2x nasal conchae
- 2x nasal bones
- 2x maxilla
- 2x palatine bones
- 2x zygomatic bones
- 2x lacrimal bones
- vomer
- mandible
3
Q
Foramina of the cranium
A
Cribiform: plate CN 1
Optic Canal: CN 2, Ophthalmic A
Superior Orbital Fissure: CN 3,4,6, 5 V1 (LFTSNIA)
Rotundum: CN5 V2
Ovale: CN 5 V3, AMMA
Spinosum: Middle Meningeal Artery
Lacerum: *Carotid Artery
Internal Acoustic Meatus: CN 7 and 8
Jugular foramen: CN 9, 10,11, IJV
Hypoglossal Canal: CN12
Magnum: Spinal Cord
4
Q
Dura Mater
A
- 2 layers of dura mater around the brain: create a sinus
- endosteal layer: outer layer stops at the foreman magnum, only lines the skull
- Meningeal layer around the brain and the skull
- falx cerebri: separates cerebral hemispheres
- tentorium cerebelli: separates the cerebellar hemisphere from the cerebral hemispheres
- falx cerebelli- separates cerebellar hemispheres
- supplied by CNX 5 (trigeminal), 10(vagus), C1-3 and sympathetic
- blood supply is the middle meningeal artery
5
Q
Arachnoid Mater
A
- thin avascular layer between the pia and the dura
- loosely applied layer with projections
- all structures passing to/ from brain pass through the subarachnoid space
- Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid produced by choroid plexus in brain ventricles
- the CSF provides buoyancy for the brains
- any excess CSG in the subarachnoid space goes to the arachnoid granulations which project into the superior sagittal sinus (the space between the two dura layers)
- these granulations affect the transfer of CFS into the venous system
6
Q
Pia Mater
A
- very delicate vascular membrane: nourishes
- closely invests brain following gyri/sulci
- Cerebral arteries entering the brain carry a bit of the pia with it
7
Q
Leptomengittis
A
- infection and inflammation in the arachnoid and the pia mater
- infection may enter the subarachnoid space and enter into the blood (septicemia)
8
Q
Dural Sinuses
A
- Sinuses sit between the dural folds.
- Drained blood and CSF from the brain via cerebral veins.
- Communicate with the veins of the skull and scalp.
- Thick-walled endothelium. No Valves or smooth muscle.
- Drain into the internal jugular vein.
9
Q
Blood supply to the brain
A
10
Q
Stroke
A
Occurs when the supply of blood to the brain is reduced or blocked completely, which prevents brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients.
11
Q
Describe the embryological stage of the face
A
- Development begins in week 4 and forms from 5 swellings.
- Frontonasal
- Maxillary X2
- Mandibular X2
- By week 5 two events;
- Maxillary prominences enlarge in medial direction
- Nasal placodes appear and form medial and lateral processes.
- The medial nasal processes merge towards each other and form intermaxillary segment
- The maxillary prominences fuse with the lateral and medial nasal processes to form the upper lip
12
Q
What are the key muscles of the face and what are there roles
A
- Occipitofrontalis- elevates eyebrows
- Orbicularis oculi- closes eyelids
- Orbicularis oris- closes mouth
- Zygomaticus major- elevates labial commissure
- Buccinator- compresses cheek
- Platysma- depresses mandible against resistance, tenses
13
Q
Innervation of the fascial muscles
A
- Cutaneous innervation by the Trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve 5)
- All muscles of facial expression supplied by the Facial Nerve (Cranial nerve 7)
- Sensory, Taste and a general motor and visceral motor nerve
- Exits through:
- the internal acoustic meatus
- facial canal
- stylomastoid foramen
- Branches: Tempra facial and Vercofacial branch from the Posterior auricular nerve
- Motor-Posterior auricular, temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
- Parasympathetic- branches: to pterygopalatine ganglion.
- Taste- via chorda tympani via lingual nerve from anterior two thirds of tongue.
- General sensory: skin over external auditory meatus.
`
14
Q
The Parotid glands place in the face
A
- largest of the three salivary glands in the head and is superficial to the muscles in the face
- Parotid duct leaves gland at anterior edge and passes towards the corner of the mouth but turns deep through buccinator.
- The parotid duct opens into oral cavity at upper second molar tooth.
- The retromandibular vein and external carotid artery run through it.
- Facial nerve passes through the parotid gland.
15
Q
Muscles responsible for mastication (chewing)
A
- Temporalis- elevation, retraction
- Masseter- elevation
- Medial Pterygoid- elevation, side to side
- Lateral Pterygoid- protrusion and depression
16
Q
Innervation of the mastication muscles
A
- supplied by the motor nerve of V3
- the Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
17
Q
Cranial NErve 5
A
- the Trigeminal Nerve
- it’s a somatic and somatic motor to derivatives of the 1st pharyngeal arch
- It has three main divisions
- Ophthalmic (V1): exits through the Superior orbital fissure
- Maxillary (V2): exits through the Foramen Rotundum
- Mandibular (V3): exits through the Foramen Ovale
18
Q
Explain the Ophthalmic Nerve V1
A
- Type: Sensory fibres skin, mucous membranes, conjunctiva, front of head and nose
- Path: Branches into lacrimal, nasociliary, frontal
- Exit: Superior Orbital Fissure
19
Q
Explain the Maxillary Nerve V2
A
- Type: Sensory fibres dura, nasal, upper cheek, lip, teeth
- Path: Enters pterygopalatine fossa, gives off branches to the pterygopalatine ganglion, through the inferior orbital fissure.
- Exit: Foramen rotundum
- Branches: Infraorbital, zygomatic, superior alveolar.
20
Q
Explain the Mandibular Nerve V3
A
- Type: Mixed, sensory, lower face, lip, teeth. Motor to muscles of mastication
- Exit: Foramen Ovale
- Branches:
- Sensory-auriculotemporal, buccal, lingual, inferior alveolar, mental
- Motor- temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids, nerve to mylohyoid
- Parasympathetic (hitchhiking)- to salivary glands
21
Q
The Temporal and infratemporal fossa
A
- The temporal fossa is a fan-shaped space that is located on the lateral surface of the skull.
- The temporal fossa contains: temporalis muscle, branches of V2
- The infratemporal fossa is inferior to the temporal fossa.
- The infratemporal fossa contains: medial and lateral pterygoids, maxillary artery, V3, branches of the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and pterygoid plexus of veins.
22
Q
Describe the arterial supply to the face
A
arterial supply from the external carotid artery
- Lingual
- Facial
- Maxiallry
- Superficial temporal
in this order
23
Q
Venous drainage of the face
A
- the facial vein drains the majority of the face, starting near the eye
- the facial vein passes inferiorly and drains into the internal jugular vein
- the superficial temporal vein drains into the external jugular vein
24
Q
Draw out this image
A
25
Q
Overview of the tongue
A
- The tongue is divided into an anterior two thirds (oral) and a posterior third (pharyngeal), demarked by a V shaped sulcus (terminal sulcus)
- Papillae cover the tongue and all except filiform have taste buds on their surface.
- Undersurface contains medial fold (frenulum) which internally separates the right and left sides of the tongue.
26
Q
Muscles of the tongue
A
- Intrinsic muscle: creates precise movement for speech, eating and swallowing.
-
Extrinsic:
- Genioglossus: depresses and protrudes the tongue
- Hyoglossus: depresses tongue
- Styloglossus: retracts tongue
- Patalglossus: elevates back tongue and depresses soft palate
29
Q
Give an overview of Cranial Nerve 12: Hypoglossal
A
- provides motor function to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (save palatoglossus)
- exits through the hypoglossal canal: this is just lateral of the Foramen Magnum
30
Q
Give an overview of the framework of the larynx
A
- Provides a protective sphincter for the air passages and produces phonation, made up of cartilages:
- Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytenoid, Cuneiform, Corniculate and Epiglottis
- Contains ligaments, most important:
- Vestibular and the Vocal ligament.
32
Q
Give an overview of the Pharynx
A
- the most posterior part of the neck, situated behind the nasal cavity and the larynx.
- It’s a funnel-shaped tube with three sections:
- Nasopharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Muscles consist of three constrictors: Superior, Middle and Inferior
- also the stylopharyngeus
35
Q
Give an overview of the neck Fascia
A
- The deep fascia of the neck creates three important layers
- Pretracheal fascia- Pink
- Prevertebral fascia- Blue
- Investing fascia- Green
- Important as reduces the spread of infection
- Enables structures to move past each other in movement and swallowing etc
- Carotid sheath (Red) blends with the pretracheal and prevertebral fascia. It contains the
- Common and internal carotid arteries.
- Internal jugular vein.
- Vagus nerve (CN 10).
- Some deep cercal lymph nodes.
- Carotid sinus nerve
36
Q
Identify the surface anatomy of the Neck
- the triangles
A
- The neck is divided into the anterior and lateral/posterior compartment by the presence of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- The anterior compartment is further subdivided into three paired triangles and one unpaired;
- the unpaired submental triangle,
- the paired submandibular, carotid and muscular triangle.
- The posterior compartment is bounded posteriorly by the trapezius muscle and is divided into two triangles by the presence of the posterior belly of omohyoid into:
- the large occipital triangle
- the smaller omoclavicular triangle.
37
Q
Muscles and contents of the Anterior triangle
A
- Submandibular triangle bounded by: anterior and posterior bellies of digastric.
- Contains: the submandibular gland, facial artery and vein.
- Submental triangle bounded by: digastric.
- Contains lymph nodes.
- Muscular triangle bounded by: omohyoid, Supraclavicular Muscles SCM
- Contains supra and infrahyoid muscles
- Carotid triangle bounded by: omohyoid, stylohyoid, digastric, SCM.
- Contains: common carotid artery, IJV, hypoglossal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve.
38
Q
Give details of the muscles of the muscular triangle
A
Suprahyoid muscles
- Stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid
- Innervation:
- Facial nerve for the stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric.
- Mylohyoid by CN 5 and
- Geniohyoid by CN 12
Infrahyoid muscles
- Omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, and sternothyroid
- Innervation: C1-C3 of ansa cervicalis
39
Q
Muscles and contents of the posterior triangle?
A
- Posterior triangle contains: Subclavian artery, EJV, Brachial plexus, CN 11, Cervical plexus
- Occipital triangle bounded by: SCM, trapezius and omohyoid.
- Supraclavicular triangle bounded by: clavicular head of SCM, clavicle and omohyoid
40
Q
Describe arterial supply of the neck and throat
A
- Brachiocephalic ÷ Common carotid ÷ Internal and external carotids
- External carotid ÷ 6 branches to supply the neck and head
- Superior thyroid,
- Ascending pharyngeal,
- Lingual,
- Facial,
- Maxillary,
- Superficial temporal
- Subclavian arteries supplied by the inferior thyroid
- Internal carotid forms no branches until it’s inside skull
43
Q
Give an Overview of Cranial Nerve 8: Vestibulaochlear Nerve
A
- Type: Sensory, special somatic afferent for hearing, equilibrium and motion.
- Path: Divides into Vestibular and Cochlear Nerves.
- Exit: Internal acoustic meatus.
44
Q
Give an Overview of the Cervical Plexus
A
- Roots of cervical plexus C1-C4 lies anterior to Levator scapulae.
- The cervical plexus provides cutaneous branches and deep motor branches (ansa cervicalis and phrenic nerve)
45
Q
Give an Overview of the Brachial Plexus
A
- Roots of the brachial plexus C5-T1 appear between the anterior and middle scalene muscles.
- Five rami unite to form the three trunks of the brachial plexus
- Supply cutaneous and motor to the upper limb.
46
Q
What are the 12 Cranial Nerves?
A
- Olfactory: Smell.
- Optic: Sensory nerve of vision it is more correctly called a brain tract.
- Oculomotor: innervates four of the extrinsic eye muscles—muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit.
- Trochlear: innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that hooks through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit.
- Trigeminal: The trigeminal nerve provides general sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to the chewing muscles.
- Abducens: innervates the muscle that abducts the eyeball (turns the eye laterally).
- Facial: This nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression as well as other structures.
- Vestibulocochlear: sensory nerve of hearing and equilibrium/ balance
- Glossopharyngeal: innervates structures in the tongue and pharynx,
- Vagus: this nerve “wanders” beyond the head into the thorax and abdomen.
- Accessory: carries motor innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
- Hypoglossal: The name hypoglossal means “below the tongue.” This nerve runs inferior to the tongue and innervates the tongue muscles.
47
Q
Give an overview of the structure of the Nose
A
- Bones: comprised of paired Nasal bones, Maxillae, Frontal bone and Septum.
- Cartilages: comprised of 3 main lateral nasal cartilage, major alar cartilage and septal cartilage• Septum divides the chamber into two cavities
- Internal surface: lateral wall has three projections; superior, middle and inferior conchae
- Nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx
49
Q
Give an Overview of Cranial Nerve 1: Olfactory
A
- Special sensory afferent nerve
- Exits through the Cribiform Plate
50
Q
Explain Olfaction
A
- Olfaction is aided by the airflow through the nasal cavity
- Conchae help warm and moisten the air
- Olfaction receptors are in the epithelium lining the roof and walls,
- The epithelium secretes a mucus fluid, odoriferous gases are dissolved into the fluid and then detected by the olfactory nerves
51
Q
Explain the purpose and organisation of the Paranasal sinuses
A
- Paranasal sinuses are air filled extensions of the nasal cavity
- Paired Frontal sinuses in frontal bone that drain through frontonasal duct.
- Ethmoidal cells (sinuses) are invaginations in the ethmoid bone and drain into middle meatus (if anterior, or middle) or superior meatus (if posterior).
- Sphenoidal sinuses in sphenoid bone that drain into spheno-ethmoidal recess.
- Paired Maxillary sinuses in maxilla drain into middle meatus.
52
Q
7 of them
Name the bones that make up the Orbit
A
Frontal, Maxilla, Ethmoidal, Lacrimal, Sphenoidal, Temporal-zygomatic, Nasal
55
Q
What are the Extraocular muscles that control eye movement?
- and how does the movement occur?
A
- Levator Palpebrae, Superior Oblique, Superior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Lateral Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Inferior Oblique
- movement occurs around 3 axes: vertical, transverse and anterioposterior
56
Q
Give an Overview of the Cranial Nerve 3: Oculomotor
A
- Somatic Motor (general somatic efferent) to extraocular muscles and general visceral efferent-parasympathetic via short ciliary nerves to the ciliary body and sphincter pupillae.
- doesn’t provide motor supply to the superior oblique and lateral rectus
- exits through the Superior orbital fissure
57
Q
Give an Overview of Cranial Nerve 4: Trochlear
A
- Somatic Motor (general somatic efferent) to Superior Oblique
- Found on the posterior view of the pons
- Exits through Superior orbital fissure
58
Q
Give an Overview of Cranial Nerve 6: Abducent
A
- Somatic Motor (general somatic efferent) to Lateral Rectus
- Found in the pons at the floor of the fourth ventricles, at the same level as the facial colliculus
- Exit: Superior orbital fissure
60
Q
Describe how crying is able to take place
- lacrimal apparatus
- innervation
A
- Lacrimal apparatus consists of lacrimal glands
- Orbital
- Palpebral
- secretes lacrimal fluid which passes across the eye and into the lacrimal papilla, lacrimal sac and to the inferior meatus via the nasolacrimal duct.
- Innervation
- Parasympathetic: Secretomotor (via facial nerve CN7)
- Sympathetic: Vasoconstrictive (superior cervical ganglion, via internal carotid)
61
Q
Describe the parasympathetic supply of the lacrimal gland
A
64
Q
Give an Overview of Cranial Nerve 5: Trigeminal
A
- Somatic (general sensory) and somatic motor to derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch.
- Three divisions-
- Ophthalmic- V1
- Maxillary- V2
- Mandibular- V3
- Exits through the
- V1: Superior orbital fissure
- V2: Foramen Rotundum
- V3: Foramen Ovale
65
Q
Give an Overview of V1- the Ophthalmic branch
A
- Sensory fibres skin, mucous membranes, conjunctiva, front of head and nose
- Branches into the lacrimal, nasociliary, frontal
- Exits through the Superior Orbital Fissure
