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Anthropology 2AC > Midterm Exam 1 > Flashcards

Midterm Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Alfred Kroeber

A

Helped establish anthropology department at Berkeley in 1901. Helped towards investigation of shell mounds in the Bay area.

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2
Q

Anaerobic

A

Conditions devoid of oxygen which lead toward great preservation of ecofacts or artifacts made from plant or animal remains.

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3
Q

Anthropology and its sub-fields

A

The comprehensive study of the human species from biological, social, and cultural perspectives using both synchronic and and diachronic views; in the United States, it comprises the sub-disciplines of biological or physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology, usually including both historical and prehistoric archaeology.

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4
Q

Antiquarian

A

A nonprofessional who studies the past for its artistic or cultural value.

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5
Q

Archaeological record

A

The physical remains produced by past human activities, which are sought, recovered, studied, and interpreted by archaeologists to reconstruct the past.

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6
Q

Archaeological region

A

Region of land containing artifacts, ecofacts, or features isolated or spread over a broad region.

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7
Q

Artifact

A

A discrete and portable object in the archaeological record whose characteristics result wholly or in part from human activity; artifacts are individually assignable to ceramic, lithic, metal, organic, or other categories.

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8
Q

Association

A

Occurrence of an item of archaeological data adjacent to another and in or on the same matrix.

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9
Q

Behavioral processes

A

Human activities, including acquisition, manufacture, use, and deposition behavior, that produce tangible archaeological remains.

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10
Q

Biases (in both archaeological record and historical written accounts)

A

Cultural practices determines which material remains enter archaeological record. E.g.: some things may be thrown away, while other may be burnt. In written accounts, people may remove or edit certain parts of history depending on their opinions.

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11
Q

Breck Parkman

A

Archaeologist investigating the Burdell mansion. Finding more about the daily lives of hippies by studying the burnt remains of a hippie commune.

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12
Q

Cal’s Conservatory & Observatory

A

Building for agricultural and horticultural experimentation previously occupying the site of the East Asian library.

The observatory was built in 1886 by the department of Astronomy, and lasted until the 60s for astronomical and seismic research activities.

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13
Q

CA Missions/Spanish Colonialism

A

Spanish mission intended to spread Christianity to the native Americans. The natives did come work for these missions, but archaeological remains suggest that they continued to practice their own spiritual practices, despite the contradictory records of the Spanish.

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14
Q

Ceramics (sherds)

A

Artifacts of fired clay belonging to pottery, figurine, or other ceramic industries.

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15
Q

China Camp State Park

A

Park where work by Tsim Schneider and others showed that the Native Americans were using shell mounds up until contact.

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16
Q

Classical archaeology

A

Archaeological practices mainly studied in Europe. Focus is on classical civilizations, like the Romans, Greeks, and the Egyptians.

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17
Q

Coast Miwok

A

Inhabited coastal lands north of San Francisco. Hunter-gatherers who harvested wild plants and animals from the sea and land. Targeted by the Spanish missions. The port facility for the Fort Ross settlement was placed in Miwok territory by Spanish merchants.

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18
Q

Collaborative archaeology

A

Archaeologists collaborating with stakeholders and descendant communities on archaeological investigations. Can also help give a more complete picture of the archaeological record.

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19
Q

Context (use-related primary, transposed primary, secondary)

A

Characteristics of archaeological data that result from combined behavioral and transformational processes, which are evaluated by means of recorded association, matrix, and provenience.

Primary context
The condition that results when provenience, association, and matrix have not been disturbed since the original deposition of archaeological data.

Secondary context
The condition where provenience, association, and matrix have been wholly or partially altered by transformation processes after original deposition of archaeological data.

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20
Q

Culture area

A

A spatial unit defined by ethnographically observed cultural similarities within a given geographical area; used archaeologically to define spatial limits to archaeological cultures.

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21
Q

Culture contact (missionaries v. merchants)

A

Contact of new culture with an existing people. Missionaries want to spread ideas or religion, while merchants seek monetary gains.

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22
Q

Culture history approach

A

Archaeological interpretation based on temporal and spatial syntheses of data and the application of general descriptive models usually derived from a normative view of culture.

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23
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Belief that each culture is unique and different in its own right. No two cultures would have same set of norms.

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24
Q

Culture Resource Management

A

Protect archaeological remains on public properties. Funds most of archaeology in North America.

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25
Q

Cyrus Thomas

A

Sent out by Congress in 1880s to investigate the mounds for the Smithsonian. At first believed that they were built by a lost civilization, but eventually converted to the belief that they were built by the ancestors of Native Americans. Pioneered the four field approach to archaeology.

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26
Q

Dendrochronology

A

The study of tree-ring growth patterns, which are linked to develop a continuous chronological sequence.

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27
Q

Deposition

A

The last stage of behavioral processes, in which artifacts are discarded.

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28
Q

Descendant communities

A

Group of people descending from the cultural group in the archaeological record.

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29
Q

Diachronic

A

Pertaining to phenomena as they occur or change over a period of time; a chronological perspective.

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30
Q

Synchronic

A

Pertaining to phenomena at one point in time; a concurrent perspective.

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31
Q

Differential preservation

A

Some archaeological materials are very well preserved. Inorganic materials are more durable. Organic materials (hydrocarbons and their derivatives) are typically less well preserved. Characteristics of surroundings dictate how well material is preserved. Deep burial, or very dry or cold environments help preservation. High acidity, surface deposition, or tropical weather do not aid preservation.

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32
Q

Direct historical approach

A

Developed by Smithsonian scientists. Used knowledge of present to interpret and reconstruct the past. Took detailed notes, linguistic studies, and studies of human remains. Trained in the four fields of anthropology.

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33
Q

Dynamic cultural landscape

A

The archaeological record is a dynamic and fluid record. Typically not a frozen snapshot of time.

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34
Q

Ecofact

A

Nonartifactual evidence from the past that has cultural relevance; the category includes both inorganic and organic objects.

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35
Q

Ethnocritical archaeology

A

Archaeologists and indigenous people share construction of the past.

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36
Q

Ethnography

A

The description of contemporary cultures; part of the sub discipline of cultural anthropology.

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37
Q

Ethnohistory

A

Events and circumstances of a certain history not written by those actually involved in that history.

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38
Q

Excluded pasts/neglected history

A

The native people feel that they have been excluded from writing their own past.

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39
Q

Fauna/Zooarchaeology

A

Study of the plants and animals and how they relate to humans in the archaeological record.

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40
Q

Feature

A

Nonportable archaeological remains that cannot be recovered from matrix without destroying their integrity.

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41
Q

Flora/Paleoethnobotany

A

Studying human interactions with plants in the archaeological record.

42
Q

Flotation

A

Method of using water or other fluids in combination with fine-meshed screen to separate small fragments of small (micro) artifacts and plant and animal remains from excavated matrix.

43
Q

Fort/Colony Ross (Russian American Company)

A

Fort north of current day location of San Francisco which traded resources like fur to the Russians. Huge slaughter of otters for export of otter fur.

44
Q

Francis McManamon

A

Anthropologist arguing for the crucial need for more outreach in archaeology. A well educated and better informed public is a necessity for archaeologists to succeed.

45
Q

Fredrick Ward Putnam

A

First choice to investigate shell mounds around the bay by the newly established anthropology department at Berkeley.

46
Q

Garbology/William Rathje

A

Project led by William Rathje to study garbage of multiple households. Discovered lying about certain practices. Archaeology proves to be more honest than people’s own recollections or records.

47
Q

Heizer’s lithic scatter

A

Lithic scatter created on the Berkeley campus by a study conducted by Heizer in the 1940s to try and replicate lithic manufacturing processes.

48
Q

Historical anthropology

A

Using historical documents to complement four field anthropology.

49
Q

Historical archaeology

A

That area of archaeology concerned with literate societies and often allied with history. In the United States, both historical archaeology and prehistoric archaeology are usually considered part of anthropology.

50
Q

Historical documents/records

A

Written records from the past that can help complement the archaeological record. Archaeological record can help correct biases present in historical records.

51
Q

Historical particularism

A

All human cultures are unique and must be understood on their own terms. Each culture must be understood by its unique history.

52
Q

James Deetz

A

Argued that archaeologists should stop spending large sums of money to learn things that historians already know.

53
Q

Joe Watkins

A

Presents research on why American Indians have often been at odds with archaeologist. Feel that archaeologists control too much of their history, and would like more control over their own past.

54
Q

Kashaya Pomo

A

Inhabited coastal lands north of San Francisco. Hunter-gatherers who harvested wild plants and animals from the sea and land. The Fort Ross settlement was placed inside Kashaya Pomo territory by Russian merchants.

55
Q

Kathleen Deagan

A

Archaeologist using historical archaeology to study Early America and contact of the Native Americans with European explorers and settlers.

56
Q

Larry Zimmerman

A

Anthropologist studying scientific colonialism.

57
Q

Law of superposition

A

The principle that the sequence of observable strata from bottom to top reflects the order of deposition from earliest to latest.

58
Q

Lithics

A

Artifacts made from stone, including the chipped-stone and ground-stone industries.

59
Q

Matrix

A

The physical medium that surrounds, holds, or supports archaeological data.

60
Q

Micro/macro scales

A

Micro Scale: Short term changes. Layered History

Macro Scale: Long term changes. Longue Dureí. Changes over hundreds or thousands of years.

Archaeology can study changes at different scales.

61
Q

Modal artifact types

A

Tendencies in manufacturing ceramics, stone tools, or architecture. Help reconstruct mental template of that society.

62
Q

Mound builder debates

A

Debate in the late 1800s on who had built mounds found in the midwest and the southeast. Majority argued that they were built by other civilizations that may have inhabited the land previously but eventually moved out. Minority argued that they were built by ancestors of Native Americans.

63
Q

Mounded villages

A

Interpretation of the mounds by Nelson that Native people of the bay were establishing mounds as the base of their villages. They lived on top of the mounds and buried their dead underneath them.

64
Q

NAGPRA (and issues of repatriation)

A

1990 law to allow descendant communities to request materials back to tribal groups. Also protects and preserves sacred sites on federal reserves.

65
Q

Native Alaskans

A

Russian merchants working at the Fort Ross colony recruited Native Alaskans to work at the colony to help use their skills to extract resources from the areas around Fort Ross.

66
Q

Native Americans (relation to archaeology)

A

NAGPRA.

Excluded past/history.

Mound building.

Better understanding through archaeology.

67
Q

Normative model of culture

A

Each unique culture is characterized by normative or ideal rules. These prescribe proper behavior in different social contexts. Prescribe how people manufacture, use and discard material culture.

68
Q

Ohlone/Costanoan

A

Natives of the bay area. Built some of shell mounds found around the bay.

69
Q

Olompali State Park/Burdell Mansion

A

Hippie commune which burned down in 1969. Helps give a unique perspective on daily hippie life.

70
Q

Oral history/Oral tradition

A

History and practices passed down generations in a descendant community. Can help archaeologist form more complete picture of an archaeological record.

71
Q

Organics/Inorganics

A

Organic materials are made from hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Their density, hardness, and chemical composition dictate their preservation. Inorganic materials are derived from plant and animal compounds.

72
Q

Ozette/Makah/Fagan/Daugherty

A

Native Americans in the northwest. Their settlement was well preserved by a sudden mudslide. This helped preserve the site as a snapshot of time. Also an example of collaborative archaeology.

73
Q

Paleoethnobotany

A

Study of how plant remains were cultivated or used by humans in the archaeological record.

74
Q

Paleo-Indian Sites (Folsom, Clovis)

A

Site where chronology was conducted by seeing that Folsom spear points were associated with an extinct species of bison. Folsom stratum helps provide a dating reference in sites. Clovis points were found with mammoth remains, which pushed the chronology of Native Americans back even further. Together, they suggest multiple migrations of people in the Americas.

75
Q

Palimpsest

A

Two occupations of the same land being mixed together in the archaeological record. Re-use of space.

76
Q

Phytoliths

A

Microscopic silica bodies that form in living plants and provide a durable floral ecofact that allows the identification of plant remains in archaeological deposits.

77
Q

Pompeii premise

A

The idea that archaeological materials are frozen in time. This is very rare and often created through disaster.

78
Q

Prehistory/Ancient history

A

The area of archaeology concerned with preliterate or non-literate societies. In the United States, both prehistoric archaeology and historical archaeology are considered a part of anthropology.

79
Q

Preservation

A

How well artifacts or ecofacts retain over time in the archaeological record. Depends on properties of the setting which can determine how well an object is preserved.

80
Q

Protohistory

A

When contact/first observation begins.

81
Q

Provenience

A

The three-dimensional location of archaeological data within or on the matrix at the time of discovery.

82
Q

Public outreach

A

Communicating to and educating the public about archaeological remains and practices of archaeologists.

83
Q

Recovery

A

Removing artifacts and ecofacts from the matrix for study.

84
Q

Sampling

A

Excavating a subset of an entire archaeological site.

(Sample unit: The basic unit of archaeological investigation; a subdivision of the data universe, defined by either arbitrary or non-arbitrary criteria.)

85
Q

Scientific colonialism/Imperial archaeology

A

The process whereby the center of gravity of acquisition of knowledge about a people is located elsewhere than with the people themselves. Includes claiming the right of access to unlimited data from other countries. Entails exporting data from the country of origin to one’s own country for “processing” into books and articles.

Minimum collaboration with descendant people.

86
Q

Seriation

A

Techniques used to order materials in a relative dating sequence in such a way that adjacent items in the series are more similar to each other than to items farther apart in the series.

87
Q

Shell midden/mounds (Emeryville shellmound)

A

Extensive mounds created by native people around the bay area, primarily located around entrance of fresh water into the bay. Colonial records do not speak much about the mounds. From 5000 to 4000 years old. Investigated in the early 1900s by anthropologist from UC Berkeley.

88
Q

Site

A

A spatial clustering of archaeological data, comprising artifacts, ecofacts, and features in any combination.

89
Q

Smithsonian Institutions

A

National museum of the United States, which developed in the late 1800s and early 1900s the direct historical approach.

90
Q

Stakeholders

A

People with great interest in how archaeological remains are treated. Could be descendants of community being investigated. Used to be thought of as passive.

91
Q

Stewards/stewardship

A

People and group responsible for taking care of the archaeological past. Archaeologists were previously thought to be primary stewards of the past.

92
Q

Stratigraphic excavation

A

(Stratigraphy: The archaeological evaluation of the significance of stratification to determine the temporal sequence of data within stratified deposits by using both the law of superposition and context evaluations; also a relative dating technique.)

93
Q

Taphonomy

A

Study of the transformational processes affecting organic ecofacts after the death of the original organisms.

94
Q

Three age system/Thomsen/Worsaae

A

A traditional diachronic model describing the sequence of technological periods in the Old World, each period characterized by predominant use of stone, bronze, or iron tools.

95
Q

Time-space grids

A

A synthesis of temporal and spatial distributions of data used in the culture history approach based on period sequences within culture areas.

96
Q

Transformational processes

A

Conditions and events that affect archaeological data from the time of deposition to the time of recovery.

97
Q

Tsim Schneider

A

Investigated at China Camp State Park to show that mounds were being used by Natives up until contact.

98
Q

William Rathje

A

Professor at Stanford who led garbology project to study trash thrown away by multiple households.

99
Q

Zeta Psi/Archaeology building

A

First frat at Berkeley. Excavated in 1996 and 2001, finding artifacts from late 19th century to 1980s. Now the site of ARF.

100
Q

Zooarchaeology

A

Study of human relations with plant and animal life in the archaeological record.

Anthropology 2AC (3 decks)

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