9.3 Female Cycles Flashcards
what are the 4 stages of the hormone cycles
early to mid follicule phase
late follicular phase
early to mid luteal phase
late luteal phase
describe the early to mid follicular phase
- hypothalmus releases FSH and LH travel thrust blood to ovary where follicle is
- have granulosa cells and thecal cells, work together to give estrogen
- LH causes the thcal cells to release angrogen which is conv by granulosa cells into estrogen
- FSH stim grnuosa cells, that secrete estrogen, estrogen has POS feedback on granulosa cells to produce more estrogen
- estrogen then has negative feedback to slow all this down to decrease release og GnRH and release from pituitary
*at this point all hormones are in low levels
describe the late follicular phase and ovulation
- changes to positive feedback on hypothalamus
- still GnRH releasing FSH and LH going to ovary on granulosa cells and thecal cells
- thecal cells still conv androgens to estrogen
- encourages MORE GnRH so more hormone released from pituitary
- get spike in most hormones (reason why LH and LH spike)
- LH spike is higher bc still have neg feedback on FSH from inhibi
- LH spike is reason ovulation occurs
*also when we see the highest level of estrogen and see some small amoutns fo progesterone
describe the early to mid luteal phase
- now goes back to negative feedback
- follicle has turned into corpus luteum that releases progesterone
- get negative feedback on hypothalamus, so FSH and LH levels drop off
- inhibin also negative feedback
- progesterone comes bc of corpus luteum -> estrogen gets preg progesterone keeps preg
- corpus luteum starts to die if no implantation
describe the late luteal phase
corpus luteum dies so decrease in estrogen and progesterone
new follicles start to develop
what si the majro source of estrogens, progeseterone and testosterone
estrogens: ovary (developing follcilces and corpus luteum)
Progesterone: ovary (corpus luteum)
Testosterone:testes
what stim release of estrogens, progesterone and testosterone
estrogen: FSH and LH
Progesterone: LH
Testosterone: LH
what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle
day 1-5: menstrual pahse
day 6-14: proliferative
Day 15-28: seceretory (constant 14 day length)
describe the menstrual phase
- ovarian hormones are at their lowest
- gonadotropins are beginning to rise
- stratum functionalis is shed and menstrual flow occurs
describe the proliferatie phase
- estrogen levels promt generation of new functional layer and increase synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
- galnds enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number
- cervical mucus thins and forms channels to faciliate sperm entry
describe the secretory phase
- progesterone levels prompt
- > further development of endometrium
- > glandular secretion fo glycogen
- > formation of vervical mucus plug
- > increase in basal body temp (spikes after you ovulate)
what happens if fertilization does not occur
Corpus luteum degenerates & progesterone levels fall
– Spiral arteries kink & spasm, then relax & open wide
– Endometrial cells begin to die
– Rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds & functional layer sloughs
– Menses releases ~40 mL of blood + ~35 mL of serous fluid & cellular debris (may contain a few blood clots); lasts 3-7 days
decribe the female secual response
- Arousal and desire (PSNS)
- initiated by touch, psychological stimuli
- slitoris, vaginal mucosa and breasts engorge with blood
- vesticular Bartholin’s gland secretions lubricate vesticule
- Orgasm (SNS)
- accompanied by muscle tension, INC HR and BP & rhythmic contractions of uterus
- no refractory period after orgasn
- not essentail for conception
how is sex determined
22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes, + 1 pair of sex (XY)
- SRY (Sex-determining Region of Y chromosome) gene on Y chromosome initiates testes development & maleness
when does secual differentiaoin occur
- gonads develop in 5th week
- Females
- gonadal cortex becomes ovary in absence of DRY protein
- absence of tesosterone cuases Wolffian duct to degenerate
- absense of anti-mullerian hormone allows mullerian duct to beomce uterine tube, uterus and upper vagina
- Males
- SRY protein in male directs medulla of bipotential gonad to develop into testis
- anti-mullerian hormone from testes causes mullerian ducts to disappear
- test from testis conv wolddian duct into seminal vesicle, vas def and epididymis
tanner sacle for stages of puberty
females
*breast budding occurs at 8-16
- menarchs at 1-017
- breast enlarge 10-15
