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PGY1 > PGY2 > Flashcards

PGY2 Flashcards

1
Q

indications for escharotomy

A

circumferential chest or neck burns with increased airway pressures, hypoxemia, difficulty with ventilation, or circumferential extremity burns with decreased doppler signal, pulse oximetry < 90% distally in limb, pain/loss of sensation/delayed cap refill

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2
Q

MGMT of airway/mechanical ventilation in burn patients

A

RSI unless suspicion of airway obstruction (if signs of obstruction, awake intubation), succ is contraindicated if burn is > 5 days post-burn, avoid barotrauma: limit plateau pressure to 35 mmHg, PEEP can be helpful,

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3
Q

MGMT of cyanide poisoning

A

hydroxocobalamin 5 g IV in 250 cc NS or 70 mg/kg in pediatrics

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4
Q

mechanism of cyanide poisoning

A

binds to iron on cytochrome complex in mitochondria, the last step of oxidative phosphorylation, effectively shutting down mitochondria and ATP production resulting in tissue hypoperfusion

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5
Q

lab findings in cyanide poisoning

A

metabolic acidosis, lactate > 10

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6
Q

carbon monoxide poisnoning sx

A

headache, flu, coma, death

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7
Q

lab findings in CO poisoning

A

metabolic acidosis,

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8
Q

10 DDx for pancreatitis

A

biliary colic, cholangitis, cholecystitis, hepatitis, PNA, pericarditis, MI, PUD, pericarditis, bowel obstruction, mesenteric ischemia, AAA, ectopic

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9
Q

10 causes of pancreatitis

A

gallstones, alcohol, autoimmune, idioapthic, drugs, trauma, ERCP, viral infections (mumps, EBV), congenital - “IGETSMASHED” - idiopathic, gallstones, ethanol, trauma, steroids, mumps/viruses, autoimmune, scorpion stings, hypercalcemia/lipidemia/hypothermia/hypotnesion, ERCP/emboli, drugs (azathoprine, NSAIDs, diuretics)

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10
Q

MGMT of acute pancreatitis

A

volume resusication with RL, analgesia, electrolyte correction, correct glucose, treat nausea, early feeding, U/S for ERCP/MRCP, antibiotics if septic or infection

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11
Q

acute complications of pancreatitis

A

acute hemorrhage (GI bleeding), ileus (bowel obstruction), peripancreatic fluid collection, acute necrotic collection, SIRS/sepsis, atelectasis, renal failure, multisystem failure/shock/dic, bowel necrosis, pancreatic pseudocyst, hyperglycemia/hypocalcemia, plerual effusion, glucose intolerance

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12
Q

revised atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis

A

mild: no organ failure or complications, moderate: transient organ failure or local/systemic complications, severe: persistent organ failure

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13
Q

causes of chronic pancreatitis

A

toxic-metabolic: ETOH, obstructive, genetic, autoimmune, post-necrotis acute pancreatitis

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14
Q

causes of false positive amylase elevation

A

parotitis, malignancy, trauma, burns, liver disease, cholecysitis, renal failure, HIV, pregnancy

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15
Q

infectious causes of pancreatitis

A

mumps, coxsackie, HIV, CMV, EBV, varicella, TB, salmonella, campylobacter, legionella, mycoplasma, ascaris

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16
Q

encapsulated bacteria (risk if no spleen)

A

streptococcus pneumoniae, H.flu, neisseria meningitidis, E.coli, klebsiella, salmonella typhi

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17
Q

causes for elevated d-dimer

A

malignancy, trauma, smoking, infection, sepsis, trauma, vascular (AAA rupture/AD), elderly age, ACS, DVT, DIC, AFib, pre-eclampsia, stroke

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18
Q

2 types of venom in rattelsnakes

A

necrotoxic vs. neurotoxic

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19
Q

MGMT of rattlesnake bites

A

move away from snake, call 911, removing constricted item and immobilizing limb, DO NOT USE TOURNIQUET AND SUCK OUT VENOM,

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20
Q

physical features of crotalidae (venomous pit-vipers)

A

elliptical pupil, tail structure of single rows, triangle head and presence of fants

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21
Q

definition of priapism

A

ischemic penis; treat within 4-6 hours tp prevent impotence and ischemia

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22
Q

2 types of priapism

A

low flow: ischemic (venous obstruction - true emergency), high flow (non-iscehmic: arterial inflow)

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23
Q

causes of priapism

A

intra-cavernosal injection (triple mix), PDE5 inhibitors, antihypertensives, neuroleptics, cocaine

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24
Q

AAP diagnostic criteria for AOM

A

acute onset, inflammation of middle ear, effusion of middle ear (dull, bulging, air fluid)

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25
Q

definition of recurrent otitis media

A

3+ episodes/6 months or 4+ episodes/12 months

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26
Q

causes of acute otitis media

A

viral vs. bacterial: viral - RSV, influenza, rhinovirus, adenovirus, bacterial: pneumo, h/flu, moraxella catarrhalis, GAS, chlamydia in < 6 months

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27
Q

criteria to treat AOM

A

under 6 months, perforated TM, severe illness (39+, irritable, severe symptoms), symptoms > 48 hours

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28
Q

criteria for watchful waiting in AOM

A

follow-up visit in 24-48 hours, everyone else > 6 months old

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29
Q

MGMT of AOM in peds

A

amoxicillin 75 - 90 mg/kg/day BID, if PCN allergy, consider cefuroxime 30 mg/kg/day BID for 5 days if 2+ years old of uncomplicated disease vs. 10 days if < 2 years old, recurrent AOM or perforated TM

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30
Q

complications of AOM

A

intratemporal vs. intracranial: intratemporal - hearing loss, cholesteatoma, TM perforation, labryinthiitis, facial nerve paralysis; intracranial: meningitis, brain abscess, extradural abscess, subdural empyema, latera venous sinus thrombosis

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31
Q

MGMT of otitis externa

A

debride with curette or suction, ciprodex drops 3 BID x 5 days

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32
Q

MGMT of otitis externa malignant

A

ciproflox 750 mg PO BID x 6 weeks, ENT referral

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33
Q

5 causes of sudden hearing loss

A

infectious (meningitis/encephalitis), acoustic neruoma, hypercoaguloability, DM, pregnancy, ASA, AG, curmen, AOM, FB, barotrauma

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34
Q

MGMT of SNHL

A

prednisone 60 mg daily x 10-14 days, ENT referral, MRI to r/o acoustic neuroma

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35
Q

CENTOR criteria

A

must be older than 3 years old, no cough, exudative tonsills, nodes, temp > 38, often young < 15 and rarely old > 45 yo; if 2-3: rapid strep test and culture; if 4+: antibiotics

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36
Q

lemierre’s syndrome definition

A

oropharyngel infection followed by anaerobic sepsis with fusobacterium necrophorum resulting in thrombus of internal jugular vein

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37
Q

epiglottitis exam finding most sensitive and specific

A

tenderness on palpation of hyoid bone

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38
Q

ludwig’s angina definition

A

deep space neck infection of sublingual, submental and submandibular spaces

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39
Q

acute necrotixing ulcerative gingivitis definition

A

“trench mouth”: bacterial infection of the gingiva, ulceration with grey pseudomembranes and easy bleeding due to fusobacterium

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40
Q

serious complication from acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

A

necrotizing stomatitis

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41
Q

true or false: streaking lymphangitis favours nec fasciitis vs. cellulitis

A

false: it favours cellulitis

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42
Q

8 clues to suggest early nec fasciitis

A

pain out of proportion (la belle indifference though where they have little pain), eccymoses or skin necrosis, tense edema (skin feeling hard or wooden), bullae/blister, palpable crepitus, localized skin hypoesthesia (nerve destruction), rapidly spreading rash, SIRS

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43
Q

MGMT Abx for nec fasciitis

A

pip-tazo + vancomycin

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44
Q

soft signs of penetrating neck trauma

A

minor hemoptysis, hematemesis, dysphagia/dysphonia, subcut air, non-expanding hematoma, proximity wound, oropharngeal bleed

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45
Q

hard signs of penetrating neck trauma

A

rapidly expanding and pulsatile hematoma, massive hemopytisis, air bubbling from wound, severe hemorrhage, shock not responding to fluids, decreased or absent radial pulses, vascular bruit or thrill, airway compromise/stridor, massive subcut emphysema

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46
Q

button battery ingestion in child MGMT

A

do not induce vomiting, administer honey if > 1 year old

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47
Q

ABx MGMT for H. Pylori

A

bismuth pepto bismol, metronidazole, tetracycline, PPI

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48
Q

lipase cut off in pancreatitis

A

more sensitive than amylase, 3x of upper limit is abrnomal

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49
Q

dx of acute pancreatitis

A
  1. abdo pain; 2. lipase 3x upper limit, 3. imaging/CT findings consistent
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50
Q

definition of severity in pancreatitis

A

mild: no organ failure, moderate: organ failure < 48 hours, severe: organ failure > 48 hours

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51
Q

2 types of acute pancreatitis

A

edematous (acute peripancreatic collection –> pseudocyst after 4 weeks) vs. necrotizing (acute necrotic collection, walled off necrosis)

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52
Q

encapsulated bacteria (for asplenia/SCD) pts

A

SHiNE KISS - strep pneumo, H.flu, N.meningiditis, Klebsiella, salmonella, e.coli, groupB strep

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53
Q

Name of pseudoaneurysm formation from pulmonary artery erosion of TB lesion

A

Rasmussen’s aneurysm

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54
Q

complications of pulmonary TB

A

hemoptysis, PTX, pleural effusion, empyema, airway TB, pericarditis, superinfection with fungal

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55
Q

DDx for pulmonary TB

A

bacterial PNA, fungal (histoplasmosis, MAC, mycobacerium kansaii, , PJP, nocardia and rhodococcus in HIV patients

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56
Q

DDX for cavitary lesions other than TB

A

klebsiella PNA, staph pyogenes, aspiration, MAC, wegener’s granulomatosis, upper lobe bullous disease due to emphysema or neurofibromatosis

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57
Q

extrapulmonary TB

A

lymphatics (most common), bone/joint, pleura, meninges, peritoneum

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58
Q

Term for lymphadenitis tuberculous

A

scrofula - seen often in children; painless, red ,firm mass in lymph node

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59
Q

term for spinal TB disease

A

Pott’s disease - loss of white striples of vertebral endplates due to destruction of subchondral bone; paraspinal cold abscesses forming in 50+% of cases spreading up and down spine: complication - SCC

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60
Q

classic finding of urine in renal TB infections

A

sterile pyuria , can be acidic

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61
Q

genital TB

A

prostatitis/epididymitis/orchiitis can be seen in renal TB patients in men or infection sprading to endometrium, oaries and cervix in women

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62
Q

Acute disseminated TB definition

A

active hematogenous spread of MTB to several organs

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63
Q

miliary TB definition

A

occurs when host is unable to contain recently acquired or dormant TB infection - seen often in children after primary infection or older adults/HIV patients

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64
Q

other lab findings associated with acute dissemianted TB or miliary TB

A

SIADH –> hyponatremia, meningitis

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65
Q

CNS TB affected individuals

A

only 6% of all cases of extrapulmonary TB invovles CNS, seen in newborns - 4 yo children often

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66
Q

GI involvement onf TB

A

ileocecal area is most common site, can have obstruction, hemorrhage, palpable mass, fissures, fistulae, peri-rectal abscess

67
Q

primary TB CXR findings

A

similar to other typical bacterial PNA - lobar infiltrate, however can have lymphadenopathy (hallmark of TB)

68
Q

lymphadenopathy on CXR in primary TB

A

often seen in children, less common in adults, it is usually unilateral and associated with parenchymal infiltrate

69
Q

calcified scars on CXR for TB name

A

Ghon focuse

70
Q

reactivated/postprimary TB CXR findings

A

upper lung infiltrate or consolidation +/- cavitation; rare to have bilateral involvement

71
Q

Testing for TB

A

sputum studies - can use nebulized sputum induction for samples, fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchial washings for AFB

72
Q

Other tests for TB

A

other than AFB (not very sensitive), can consider nucleic acid amplication tests, cultures, TB skin test

73
Q

definition of massive hemoptysis

A

600 cc/24 hours

74
Q

MGMT of massive hemoptysis in TB

A

death usually due to asphyxiation from aspirated blood not exsanguination - thus secure airway with large-diameter 8 mm ETT

75
Q

MGMT of TB infection

A

1st line antibiotics: rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol

76
Q

MGMT of TB pericardial or CNS infections

A

corticosteroids - usually 20 - 60 mg/day

77
Q

Definition of drug-resistant TB

A

multitdrug resistant TB: mycobacteria is resistant to 2+ first line TB ABx; extensively drug resistant TB: resistance to first line and 3+ second line drugs

78
Q

RF for drug resistant TB infections (Box 127.2)

A

previous unsuccessful TB treatment, failure to respond or adhere to good treatment regimen, HIV, IVDU, close contact with source cases, recent immigration from area with high prevalence of drug resistance, cavitary lung disease, homelessness, imprisonment, drug malabsorption due to gastrectomy/ileal bypass surgery

79
Q

Admission requirements for TB patients

A

active or suspected MDR_TB, acutely ill or older patients, requiring IV antibiotics, HIV coinfection, social issues (homelessness etc.)

80
Q

Other investigations for TB

A

IGRA blood testing within days if potential concern for TB ezposure

81
Q

common pathogens involved in meningitis

A

strep pneumo, neisseria meningitidis, listeria, H.flu

82
Q

5 major serogroups of meningococcal disease

A

A, B, C, Y, W-135

83
Q

post-op meningitis pathogens

A

s.pneumo, staph aureus, pseudomonas, coliform

84
Q

example of tropism in HSV CNS infection

A

temporal lobes resulting in development of temporal lobe seizures and behavioural changes

85
Q

complications of viral meningitis

A

orchitis, parotitis, pancreatitis, arious dermatoses

86
Q

pathogens for viral encephalitis

A

HSV, japanese encephalitis virus, eastern equine virus, st. louis encephalitis virus, west nile, western equine virus, california encephalitis, tickborne encephalitis,

87
Q

pathogens for post-infectious encepahlomyelitis

A

measles virus most commonly, enterovirus D68 (flaccid paralysis) seen in children

88
Q

constellation of symptoms seen in CNS infections

A

fever, HA, photophobia, nuchal rigidity, lethargy, malaise, altered sensorium, seizures, vomiting, chills

89
Q

3 sx that can exclude meningitis in immunocompetent patient

A

fever, stiff neck, mental status change

90
Q

clinical sx associated with bacterial meningitis vs. febrile seizures in children

A

bulging fontanel, neck stiffness, seizures outside of typical age

91
Q

definition of Kernig’s sign

A

inability to straighten leg when patient is supine with hip flexed to a right angle

92
Q

Brudzinski sign definition

A

attempt to flex neck passively are accompanied by flexion of the hip

93
Q

Other clinical signs for meningitis

A

deep tendon reflexes increased (hyperreflexia), opthalmoplegia, papilledema

94
Q

associated infections/source of infection for meningitis

A

sinusitis, OM, mastoiditis, PNA, UTI, endocarditis, arthritis

95
Q

name for syndrome of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage in meningitis

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

96
Q

host factors predisposing to meningitis (Box 99.1)

A

age <5, age> 60, male, low SES, crowding, splenectomy, sickle cell disease, african-american race, alcoholism and cirrhosis, diabetes, immunologic defects, recent colonization, dural defect, continuous infection (sinusitis), household contact with meningitis patient, thalassemia major, IVDU, bacterial endocarditis, malignancy, ventriculoperitoneal shunt

97
Q

Complications of bacterial meningitis - immediate (Box 99.2)

A

coma, loss of airway reflexes, seizures, cerebral edema, vasomotor collapse, DIC, respiratory arrest, dehydration, pericardial effusion, death

98
Q

Complications of bacterial meningitis delayed (Box 99.2)

A

seizure disorder, focal paralysis, subdural effusion, hydrocephalus, intellectual deficits, sensorineural hearing loss, ataxia, blindness, bilateral adrenal hemorrhage, death, CV thrombosis

99
Q

timeframe for acute meningitis

A

< 24 hours

100
Q

timeframe for subacute meningitis

A

1 - 7 days

101
Q

serum marker associated with serious bacterial infections, like meningitis vs. viral meningitis

A

procalcitonin

102
Q

Causes of aseptic meningitis (Box 99.3) for viruses

A

enterovirus, polio, coxsackie, echovirus, herpes, CMV, EBV, respiratory viruses, mumps, arbovirus, HIV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis

103
Q

Causes of aseptic meningitis (Box 99.3) for bacterial

A

partially treated meningits, parameningeal infection, endocarditis, mycoplasma pneumonia, TB, ehrlichiosis, borrelia burgdorferi, treponema pllidum, brucella, elptospirosis

104
Q

Causes of aseptic meningitis (Box 99.3) for fungi

A

cryptococcus neoformans, histplasma, candida, blastomyces

105
Q

Causes of aseptic meningitis (Box 99.3) for parasites

A

toxoplasmosis, condii, neurocysticercosis, bartonella, ricekktsiae (rocky mountain spotted fever, typhus)

106
Q

Causes of aseptic meningitis (Box 99.3) for post-infectious/vaccine

A

rubella, varicella, variola, rabies, pertussis, influenza, yellow fever

107
Q

Causes of aseptic meningitis (Box 99.3) for drugs

A

NSAIDs, TMP-SMX, amox, azathioprine, IVIG, isoniazid, methotrexate intrathecal, allopurinol, carbamazepine

108
Q

Causes of aseptic meningitis (Box 99.3) for systemic disease

A

SLE, wegener’s, CNS vasculitis, RA, kawasaki, sarcoidosis, leptomeningeal cancer, post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder, Behcet’s disease, Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome

109
Q

Causes of aseptic meningitis (Box 99.3) for neoplastic disorders

A

leukemia, carcinomatous meningitis

110
Q

contraindications to LP for suspected meningitis

A

infection in skin or soft tissue at puncture site or likelihood of brain herniation - i.e., if no focal neuro findings including altered mental status, safe to perform LP without neuroimaging

111
Q

Sx seen to avoid LP prior to imaging for risk of brain herniation

A

focal neuro signs, papilledema, seizures, depressed mental status

112
Q

normal opening CSF pressure

A

5 - 20 in lateral position

113
Q

what to test in 4 tubes

A

tubes 1 and 3 = cell count to differentiate true CSF pleocytosis from contamination by traumatic LP

114
Q

xanthocrhomia definition

A

yellowish discoloration from supernatant of centrifuged CSF specimen due t breakdown of RBC relasing pigments oxyhemoglobin, bilirubin, methemoglobin into CSF- occurs within 2 hours and lasts up to 30 days

115
Q

definition of membrane potential

A

different concentration between Na and K (inside), normal -90

116
Q

definition of depolarization

A

cell becomes more positive (less negative), when potential reacehs -70mV, specialized Na 2+ cells open up, fast acting channels which decrease the membrane potential further, then activates calcium channles (calcium influx), which further makes it more positive

117
Q

key difference between pacemaker cells and non-pacemaker cells re: depolarization

A

pacemaker calles can spontaneously depolarize via slow Na influx, does not have the prolonged refractory period

118
Q

location of SA node

A

RA junction of RA and SVC

119
Q

blood supply of SA node

A

Right coronary artery in 55%, LCA in 45%

120
Q

AV node intrinsic impusle HR

A

45 - 60 beats/min

121
Q

infranodal within His or purkinje system HR

A

30 - 45 beats/min

122
Q

AV node location

A

posterior-inferior region of interatrial septum; blood supply is RCA in most (90%, LCA in 10%

123
Q

PR interval relation to the heart

A

time it takes for atrial impulses to conduct to the ventricles

124
Q

bundles in the budle system

A

RBB, LAFB, LPIB

125
Q

blood supply to the RBB and LAFB

A

LAD

126
Q

blood supply to left posterior bundle

A

RCA or LCA

127
Q

QT interval relation to the heart

A

total time of ventricular depolarization and repolarization

128
Q

Torsades de point

A

ventricular dysrhythmia which arises from prolonged QT interval and metabolicdrug trigger

129
Q

number of classes of antidysrhythmic drugs

A

4 classes; class I: major effects on fast Na channels, II: beta-adrenergic antagonists (depress SA node), III: prolong repolarization and refractory period duration (acts on K+ channels), IV: calcium channel blockers

130
Q

Examples of Class IA agents: slow conduction through atria, AV node and HP system, suppress conduction in accesorry pathways

A

procainamide: ventricular dysrhythias and Supraventricualr dysrhythmias,

131
Q

Example of class IB agents: slow conduction and depolarization by shortening repolarization , little effect on accessory pathway conduction

A

lidocaine: suppress dysrhythmias from enhanced automaticity such as VT, and suppress SA/AV node

132
Q

example of class IC agents: profoundly slow depolarization and conduction, associated with prodysrhythmias, creation of new ventricular dysrhythmias, only seen in the US

A

flecainide, propafenone,

133
Q

Example of Class II agent: beta adrenergic blockers - suppress SA node and slow conduction through AV node; B1 > B2 is more cardioselective

A

esmolol (500 mcg/kg), metoprolol 5 mg IV q10-15mins)

134
Q

Example of class III agent:anti-firbillatory agent, prolong action potential duration and refractory period

A

amiodaroe, bertylium, sotalol

135
Q

class IV medications: associated with peripheral vasodilation

A

CCB - diltiazem, verapamil

136
Q

amiodarone half -life

A

25 hours after single dose!!

137
Q

acute SE of amiodarone

A

hypotension, bradycardia, heart failure

138
Q

long-term effects of amiodarone

A

corneal deposits, photosensitivity, gastrointestinal intolerance

139
Q

digoxin MOA

A

inhibits Na-K exchange pump –> increases Na in the cell, resulting in increased intracellular Ca –> +inotropic effects, prodysrhythmic effects , slows AV node via lengthening of refractory period

140
Q

SE of digoxin

A

GI, fatigue, drowsiness, visual color disturbances (van gogh), headache, depression, apathy; psychosis, HB, increased ectopy, vTach, MAT, junctional rhythm

141
Q

TTP sx (mnemonic)

A

“FAT RN” - fever, anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal, neuro symptoms

142
Q

DDX to consider with ?TTP

A

HUS (hemolytic uremic syndrome), ITP, DIC

143
Q

difference between HUS and TTP

A

TTP has more CNS involvement, HUS has renal involvement, HUS has often diarrhea

144
Q

ITP vs. TTP

A

ITP pts are not very sick and have normal CBC; TTP are very sick with SCHISTOCYTES

145
Q

DIC vs TTP

A

DIC - multiple sites of bleeding, elevated INR, PTT and d-dimer vs. TTP don’t have overt bleeding, and mildly elevated INR, PTT and D-dimer

146
Q

MGMT of TTP

A

plasma exchange indicated in MAHA (schistocytes, elevated LDH, elevated indirect bili)

147
Q

Pathophysiology of TTP

A

endothelial injury with platelet rich thrombi causing MAHA and thrombocytopenia; vWF made in endothelial cells and assembled in large multimers which are cut by ADAM TS13 into smaller unit; ADAMS13 does not function correctly and these vWF multilers collect and accumulate, which results in platelet aggregation forming clots, and also theres multimers cleave RBCs intravascularly

148
Q

triggers of TTP (inherited or acquired)

A

HIV, malignancy, pregnancy, medication, organ transplant, chemotherapy, pancreatitis, autoimmune disease, idiopathic

149
Q

neurologic symptoms of TTP

A

seizures, coma, often transient

150
Q

Plt cut off for TTP

A

< 25

151
Q

Sx for MAHA

A

non-immune hemolysis with schistcytes from RBC fragmentation, elevated LDH, low haptoglobin, high indirect bilirubin, LDH elevated

152
Q

Other key sx for TTP

A

fever, renal disease (UA with mild protein, hematuria), GI symptoms, splenomegaly and jaundince, cardiac sx (MI, arrhythmia, shock, heart failure)

153
Q

RF for TTP

A

obesity, african-american, female, patients age 30 - 50, HIV/AIDS, rheumatologic/autoimmune, clpidogrel

154
Q

ADAMTS13 activity cut off for TTP

A

< 10% is supportive of TTP; TTP is a clinical diagnosis

155
Q

MGMT for TTP

A

avoid platelet transfusion, consult heme, plasma exchange, transfuse FFP, steroids, IVIG, splenectomy

156
Q

Reversal agents for warfarin

A

Vitamin K (10 mg IV over 30 mins), Plasma (FFP) - 4 - 6 units, Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (octaplex - 10,9,2,7) - works immediately, factor 7 has short halfllife, must be given with vitamin K

157
Q

Contraindications for PCC

A

HIT, liver disease, recent thrombosis, MI, ischemic stroke, DIC

158
Q

SIRS Criteria

A

2 of the following: fever (38.3+), HR > 90, RR > 20, WBC >

159
Q

Order of ossification centres in elbow for children

A

“CRITOE” - capitellum, radial head, internal/medial epicondyle, trochlea, olecranon, external/lateral epicondyle

160
Q

2 Lines on elbow xray

A

anterior humeral line (transect 1/2 to 1/3 of capitellum; if not, consider supracondylar fracture), radiocapitellar line transects middle of capitellum; if not, radial head dislocation)

161
Q

posterior fat pad in elbow

A

occult radial head fracture

162
Q

Monteggia fracture

A

proximal ulna fracture with radial head dislocation

163
Q

Galeazzi fracture

A

distal radius fracture with dislocation of ulna

PGY1 (12 decks)

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