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Physiology of Organisms > 1-2 > Flashcards

1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who coined the term Physiology?

A

Fernel

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2
Q

Physiology definition

A

the branch of science that deals with the normal functioning of living organisms and their systems and organs

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3
Q

Define and Organism

A

An individual animal, plant or single-celled life form

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4
Q

Who invented the binomial naming system

A

Linnaeus

- This system is a genus and species naming system where the name is italicised and only the Genus name is capitalised

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5
Q

The history of classification using kingdoms

A

Firstly Linneaus grouped into Animalia and Plantae
Haeckel added Protista after Leeuwenhoek first descirbed single-celled ‘animalcules’
Thought to be the first viewing of bacteria
Whittaker then proposed 5 kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protoctista and Monera

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6
Q

Domain classification

A

Created by Woese in 1970s
3 domains
Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya

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7
Q

Domain Archaea

A

Prokaryotic organisms usually inhabiting extreme environments.
Fundamentally different from bacteria.

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8
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic organisms including cyanobacteria but are distinct from archaea

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9
Q

Domain Eucarya

A

All eukaryotic cells with a nuclear membrane.
However, research has suggested only two domains as eucarya may have evolved from archaea and so is a subset of that domain rather than its own one.

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10
Q

Micrographia

A

Hooke viewed the first cells as the cellulose cell walls of cork cells as they looked like monastic cells. Then published in micrographia

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11
Q

Prokaryote properties

- x8

A
  1. Very small-Average 1-10 μm
  2. No distinct nucleus
  3. Nearly all have peptidoglycan cell wall
  4. No membrane-bound organelles in most
  5. Rudimentary cytoskeleton
  6. Small ribosomes loose in cytoplasm = 70s
  7. Usually unicellular
  8. Some autotrophic other heterotrophic
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12
Q

Eukaryotic Properties

- x7

A
  1. larger cells - 10-30μm for animals but up to 100μm in plants
  2. Nucleus has nuclear membrane
  3. Cell wall in some - cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi
  4. Organelles present
  5. Well-developed cytoskeleton
  6. Large ribosomes, majority connected to endoplasmic reticulum - 80s
  7. Uni or multicellular
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13
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

  • who
  • what
  • evidence - x4
A

Lynn Margulis
Mitochondria and plastids in eukaryotic cells are evolutionarily derived from engulfed prokaryotes
Evidence=
1. replicate independently from cell as a whole
2. Double membrane
3. Loop of DNA which is not linear
4. small ribosomes, 70s

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14
Q

Animalia

  • type of organisms
  • properties - 2
  • split into 2 catagories
A 
- almost entirely multicellular
Properties
1. Lack cell walls
2. Heterotrophic
Catagories
1. Invertebrates—>lacking backbone
This isn’t a natural grouping but the next one is
2. Vertebrates—>with backbone=fish, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds
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15
Q

Why was the squid important in neurobiology

A

Contain giant axons which were easy to do experiments on

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16
Q

Plantae

- properties

A
  • multicellular plants and green algae
  • Plants have cellulose cell walls and are mainly autotrophic
    majority photosynthesise—>or did in their evolution at some point as some lost ability to do so
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17
Q

Exceptions to photosynthetic plants

A
  • Dodder
  • Rafflesia
  • Indian Pipe
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18
Q

Why do plants and animals have differences in mechanisms used in processes such as cell communication?

A

They both developed multicellularity but independently and so have different methods for carrying out same thing.

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19
Q

Fungi

A
  • both uni and multicellular
  • Chitin cell walls
  • heterotrophic with mainly saprotrophy or parasitism
  • Form relationships with algae to form lichens
  • form relationships with plant roots to form mycorrhizae
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20
Q

Algae

A

Simple photosynthetic eukaryotes usually found in moist areas
both red and green but brown does not count

21
Q

Protozoa

A

single-celled organisms with animal-like qualities e.g amoeba

22
Q

Microbe

A

an organism which requires a microscope to see. Commonly a bacteria, fungi, algae or protozoa

23
Q

what does amphipathic mean

A

The molecule has a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end

24
Q

why can’t cell walls exercise a lot of control

A

The gaps are too large

25
Q

Phospholipid

A

A molecule with a phosphate head group joined by glycerol to the fatty acid tails

26
Q

What does the bilayer contain

A

Phospholipids,
Sterols (cholesterol mainly)
proteins and glycoproteins

27
Q

Why do membranes have cholesterol

A

To reduce membrane permeability and improve mechanical properties

  • improves packing
  • amphipathic
28
Q

What are passive mechanisms of transport

A 
do not require energy input
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
- Channels
rely on existing concentration or electrochemical gradient
29
Q

Two types of active transport

A

Primary (hydrolyses atp itself)

Secondary (uses energy from allowing one chemical down a gradient to transport a molecule against it’s own)

30
Q

Example of primary active transport

A

sodium-potassium ATPase

31
Q

Example of secondary active transport

A

Free energy released from ion moving down electrochemical gradient

  • normally protons (bacteria)
  • symports or antiports
32
Q

What are water channels called and what do they look like

A

aquaporins

Have 4 channels formed of alpha helices so 4 O2 molecules at once

33
Q

Movement of water across membranes from low to high concentrations

A

Osmosis

34
Q

What is osmolarity

A

Measured in milliosmoles per litre is the concentration of solute in solvent
- one mole of NaCl is 2 osmoles as dissociate to two ions

35
Q

What is osmolality

A

Osmoles per kilogram rather than litre

36
Q

Osmotic pressure arises from what

A

Osmolarity

37
Q

Osmotic pressure is a colligative property, what is this

A

A property dependent on the total number of particals in solution rather than their type

38
Q

When water enters somewhere that cannot expand, what pressure builds up

A

Hydrostatic

39
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

When the osmotic pressure equals the hydrostatic pressure

40
Q

Osmotic pressure (π) is measured in

A

Pascals

and is equal to the hydrostatic pressure the solution could hypothetically develop

41
Q

So solute potential rather than osmotic pressure = ψs

What is it’s equation

A

ψs = -π = -RTC

R=gas constant= 0.0083 MPa litre mol-1 K-1

T temp in kelvin

C= Concentration in Osm L-1

42
Q

How to calculate water potential ψw

A

ψw = ψs + ψp

Where p is the hydrostatic pressure present

43
Q

When plants become turgid what do they develop

A

Turgor pressure

44
Q

Einstein time for diffusion of a substance

A

t = (x^2) / (2*D)

Where x=distance in metres

D is diffusion coefficient (metre2/second)

45
Q

How to speed diffusion

x 3

A

1) be small—>unicellular
2) be flat—>tape worms
3) Most active tissue peripherally—>jellyfish or plants with vacuole

46
Q

Ways of moving not diffusion

x 4

A
  1. cytoplasmic streaming—>attach to myosin which pulls along actin
  2. Polar auxin transport

3, Axonal transport

  1. Bulk flow—>like blood or xylem/phloem
47
Q

What causes bulk flow (mass flow)

A

A difference in hydrostatic pressure (Δp - p1-p2)

48
Q

Darcy’s law of flow

A

Q= (ΔP)/R

Q is flow in ml min-1

P is pressure difference pascals

R is resistance

49
Q

Energy is required to maintain the pressure gradient—> 2 examples

A
  • Heart uses chemical energy

- Osmotic moverment of water in phloem

Physiology of Organisms (9 decks)

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