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Health And Psychological Wellbeing > Week 6: Chronic illness (HIV & Cancer) > Flashcards

Week 6: Chronic illness (HIV & Cancer) Flashcards

1
Q

Health promotions and public health programs?

A

Promote positive health behaviours and reduce harmful health behaviours

Improve attitudes, beliefs and behaviours that contribute to ill health

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2
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Deals with incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

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3
Q

Why have public health challenges increased?

A

Have increased because of chronic disease being on the rise

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4
Q

What is chronic disease?

A

Diseases lasting 3 months or more

Generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication nor do they just disappear on its own

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5
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

a non-infectious health condition that cannot be spread from person to person

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6
Q

Historically, why weren’t HIV and cancer considered chronic diseases?

A

They were considered terminal illnesses and were feared!! they weren’t considered chronic because people typically died from them fairly quickly

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7
Q

What is HIV?

A

Lentivirus - slow virus
Binds to T helper cells in the immune system and causes a progressive failure of the immune system that allows life threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive

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8
Q

Is there a cure for HIV?

A

No - have it for life

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9
Q

What happens if HIV remains untreated?

A

Leads to AIDS

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10
Q

What are some of the symptoms of HIV?

A

Fever, chills, rash, night sweats, muscle aches, sore throat, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, mouth ulcers

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11
Q

Explain the stages of HIV

A

Acute infection: very contagious - can be asymptomatic

Chronic infection: Progresses and the immune system becomes overloaded - this is how AIDS develop

AIDS: Most severe stage, really damaged immune system, opportunistic infections, very infectious. Without treatment you survive approx. 3 years

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12
Q

How can you prevent AIDS?

A

Limiting number of sexual partners - using condoms every time
Never sharing needles

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13
Q

HIV preventative medication?

A

PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) - medicine taken daily by people without HIV who are at very high risk from acquiring it from sex (99% effective) or injection drug use (74% effective). Stops HIV from taking hold and spreading throughout the body.

PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) - must be started within 72 hours after exposure. Should only be used in emergency situations

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14
Q

Is HIV considered a chronic illness?

A

Yes - now it is.

Mortality rates have decreased

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15
Q

Roughly how many people die from HIV/AIDS every year?

A

Nearly 1 million people

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16
Q

Roughly how many people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide?

A

37 million adults and children

Majority in low and middle income countries

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17
Q

Which people are at risk but hard to reach?

A

Sex workers
People in prison
Men who have sex with men (but don’t identify as gay)
Transgender people

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18
Q

Which group are being increasingly affected by HIV?

A

Young girls and women (15-24)

Account for 1 in 4 HIV cases (Africa)

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19
Q

Lifestyle factors that speed up progression from HIV to AIDS?

A

Drug use
Unsafe sex
Unhealthy behaviours
Stress

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20
Q

Explain macro and micro risk environments and HIV

A

Micro-risk: focuses on personal decisions and influence of community-level norms and practices
Macro-risk: structural factors eg. Laws, government policies, economic conditions, wider cultural beliefs

21
Q

HIV treatment allows….

A

Individuals to live well into old age

Also reduces viral load to undetectable levels which reduces onward sexual transmission

22
Q

Stages of change model and HIV?

A

HIV prevention interventions mapped on to an individual or population’s readiness or stage of change.

Used to model and encourage women’s movement form their current stages to the next stage in terms of safe sex practices

23
Q

AIDS Risk Reduction model

A

Incorporates variables from other behaviour change theories
Provides a framework for explaining and predicting behaviour change efforts - especially sexual transmission

3 stages:

  1. labelling of high‐risk as problematic
  2. Making a commitment to changing high risk behaviours
  3. seeking and enacting solutions directed at reducing high risk activities

Also considers: knowledge of risks, susceptibility, costs and benefits, self efficacy, emotional states, social factors

24
Q

Explain risk compensation

A

individual’s perception that receiving HIV treatment or another preventive intervention renders HIV transmission less likely therefore the individual “compensates” by engaging in higher‐risk behaviour.
‘okay i’m on medication now, i’m fine’ - higher risk behaviour. problematic because we know medications don’t completely protect

notion of reduced risk is so POWERFUL that studies have shown that the mere promise of expanded access to treatment is associated with significant increases in risk behaviour

25
Q

How much adherence to medication is required for viral suppression and reduced infectiousness?

A

85-95%

26
Q

How much adherence to reduce early mortality?

A

95%

27
Q

what are the barriers to adherence?

A
  • Can be patient related (eg. self efficacy)
  • Medication related (eg. regimen complexity)
  • Schedule related (eg. chaotic daily schedule)
  • Social related (eg. poor social support)
28
Q

Predictors for better HIV outcome?

A

Being employed, higher income, better social support, spiritual beliefs, engaging in active coping, physical activity and exercise,

29
Q

Cognitive behavioural stress management?

A

Focus on reducing stress and teaching cognitive coping skills, enhance perceived environmental control, self efficacy and perceived social support

30
Q

Which people are more likely to engage in high sexual risk behaviour?

A

Individuals who experience multiple comorbid conditions

31
Q

Meaning-focussed coping?

A

Meaning-focused coping involves searching for meaning in adversity and drawing on values, beliefs, and goals to modify the meaning given to and personal response to a stressful situation.

32
Q

What factors are linked by most studies as risk factors for cancer?

A

Poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking, stress and social involvement

33
Q

What actually is cancer?

A

A progressive loss of cell shape and function with a potential to spread in uncontrollable ways.
These cells invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue, including organs

34
Q

Cancer disease staging?

A

Early stage - better prognosis and survival rate than cancers that may have spread

Regional/advanced

Advanced - has spread throughout the body (end stage)

35
Q

Cancer treatment?

A

Based on stage. But may involve:

  • Surgery
  • Radiation
  • Chemo
  • Hormone treatment
  • Stem cell transplant
  • Combinations
36
Q

What are immune checkpoint inhibitors?

A

They allow the immune cells to respond more strongly to cancer
Checkpoint inhibitors work by releasing a natural brake on your immune system so that immune cells called T cells recognise and attack tumours

37
Q

What is T cell transfer therapy

A

Cells taken from tumour, enhanced and put back in - makes stronger

38
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Immune system proteins created in the lab to bind to targets on the cancer cells

39
Q

targeted therapy for cancer?

A

Targets proteins that control cell growth through small molecular drugs or monoclonal antibodies

  • enhances the immune system to be able to destroy cells
  • stops signals for cell growth and those that form blood vessels to feed tumours
  • deliver toxins to cancer cells
  • cause cancer cell death
  • reduce hormones that feed cell growth
40
Q

What is precision medicine? (cancer)

A

Personalised medicine
Treatments tailored to genetic changes in each persons cancer
Usually for people with advanced stage disease

41
Q

Common physical side effects for cancer surgery?

A 
Loss of organ or limb
Loss of organ function 
Pain 
Fatigue 
Lymphodema
Scars
42
Q

Common physical side effects of cancer radiation?

A

Burning on skin or internal organ
Fatigue
Changes to personal hygiene

43
Q

Common physical side effects of chemotherapy?

A

Nausea, vomiting, temporary hair loss, changes in appetite, membrane breakdown, changes in smell and taste, loss of organ function, reduced immunity

44
Q

Common physical side effects of hormone therapy?

A

Femenisation, Masculisation
weight gain, bloating
reduced mental alertness
sometimes other organs are affected

45
Q

What is psycho-oncology?

A

Exploration of psychological and social factors associated with cancer adjustment

46
Q

What are some short term experiences of cancer adjustment?

A

Mood and sleep disturbances
Worries re prognosis, body image etc
Adjustment problems in partner

47
Q

What are some long term experiences of cancer adjustment?

A 
Mood improves in most 
PTSD 
Sexual dysfunction 
Poor body image 
Existential concerns
48
Q

Effects of exercise while having cancer treatment?

A
  • improves marrow recovery and decreases complications during peripheral bloodstem transplantation
  • decreases fatigue and other symptoms associated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy
  • Improves quality of life and fatigue
49
Q

What did CBT studies with breast cancer patients find?

A
  • reduced moderate depression
  • enhanced benefit finding
  • increased generalised optimism
  • effect was greatest for women with lowest levels of optimism at baseline

Health And Psychological Wellbeing (13 decks)

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