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UK GCSE Geography > 1.2 Coastal Landscapes > Flashcards

1.2 Coastal Landscapes Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hydraulic Action

A

Water is forced into cracks in the rock and air is forced out explosively, breaking off pieces of the cliff

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2
Q

Define Abrasion

A

This is when pebbles grind along a rock platform, much like sandpaper. Over time the rock becomes smooth.

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3
Q

Define Attrition

A

This is when rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded.

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4
Q

Define Corrosion

A

When acid rain causes chemical weathering

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5
Q

Define Chemical Weathering

A

Acids in seawater slowly dissolve rocks

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6
Q

Define Biological Weathering

A

Roots of growing plants and burrowing animals or nesting birds can cause rocks to weather

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7
Q

Define Mechanical Weathering

A

Caused by repeated freezing and thawing of water in a crack or hole in the rock.

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8
Q

How does Freezing and thawing weather a rock?

A

(Mechanical weathering) water freezes and expands, putting stress on the rock, ice melts and the water sinks deeper into the rock and the process repeats.

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9
Q

Describe Rock Falls

A

Bits of rock fall off the cliff face, usually due to freeze thaw weathering

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10
Q

Describe Slumping

A

Saturated soil slump down a curved face

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11
Q

Describe Sliding

A

Saturated soil (filled with water) flows down a slope

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12
Q

Describe Traction

A

Process by which large, heavy pebbles are rolled along the river bed, this is most common near the source

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13
Q

Describe Saltation

A

Pebbles are bounced along the sea bed, this is most common near the source

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14
Q

Describe Solution

A

Lighter sediment is dissolves within the water, most commonly near the mouth

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15
Q

What is deposition?

A

When sediment, usually carried by waves is laid down or deposited

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16
Q

When does deposition occur?

A

When their is not enough energy to carry sediment any further

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17
Q

What does LSD stand for?

A

Longshore Drift

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18
Q

What does Longshore Drift transport?

A

Sand and sediment

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19
Q

Describe the process of Longshore Drift

A

The swash brings in sediment at an angle, the backwash brings this back out to sea at 90 degrees
This transports material up the coastline

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20
Q

In which direction does swash come at the coast from?

A

Prevailing Wind

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21
Q

Describe Constructive Wave

A

Strong Swash
Weak Backwash
Long wave in proportion to height

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22
Q

What happens to sediment in constructive waves?

A

It tends to be deposited

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23
Q

Describe Destructive Waves

A

Weak Swash
Strong Backwash
High wave in proportion to length
Tall Breaker (breaks downwards with great force)

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24
Q

What happens to sediment in destructive waves?

A

It tends to be picked up from the coastline and taken out to sea

25
Q

How does wind strength effect wave size?

A

Stronger winds cause bigger waves

26
Q

How does fetch effect waves?

A

The further wind has travelled the more energy waves have

27
Q

Describe a concordant coast

A

Has rock of one type

28
Q

Describe a discordant coast

A

Has alternating bands of different rock

29
Q

When do headbands and bays for?

A

When the sea attacks coast lines with alternating hard and soft rock

30
Q

Describe the process by which a stump forms

A

1 - weak areas are attacked forming a cave
2 - the cave is eroded to form an arch
3 - the roof of the arch eventually collapses, leaving a stack
4 - the stack is eroded until only a stump remains

31
Q

Define Spit

A

A strip of land stretching from the mainland into the sea

32
Q

Define Bar

A

A strip of land that connects two headlands leaving a pool of water (lagoon) behind

33
Q

Define Tombolo

A

A strip of land that connects and island to the mainland

34
Q

How do spits form?

A

When longshore drift carries sediment in straight lines after the coastline has changed direction

35
Q

How do rising sea levels effect erosion?

A

Increase rate of erosion

36
Q

How do storms and storm surges effect erosion?

A

Dramatically increase rate of erosion

37
Q

Define Beach Nourishment

A

Supplying extra sand to a beach/ shore

38
Q

Is beach nourishment hard or soft engineering?

A

Soft

39
Q

Define Offshore Reef

A

Artificial reefs made with sediment, tyres or cement

40
Q

Is Offshore Reef hard or soft engineering?

A

Hard

41
Q

Define Sea Wall

A

A cement wall which protects areas of the coast from flooding and erosion

42
Q

Is a Sea Wall hard or soft engineering?

A

Hard

43
Q

Define Groynes

A

Wooden headlands that stick into the sea to slow longshore drift

44
Q

Are Groynes hard or soft engineering?

A

Hard

45
Q

Define Rip Rap

A

Structures made of large cement rocks to take the impact of waves

46
Q

Is Rip Rap hard or soft engineering?

A

Hard

47
Q

Where is Holderness Coast located?

A

Within Hull
On the North sea
West Yorkshire coast
In The North

48
Q

How much off Holderness Coast has been lost since Roman times?

A

5km

49
Q

How much of Holderness Coast is lost yearly?

A

About 2m/ year

50
Q

What type of coastline is Holderness Coast

A

Concordant

until Flamborough Head, north of here is discordant

51
Q

What type of rock is Holderness Coast

A

Clay

52
Q

What type of waves tend to hit Holderness Coast?

A

Destructive Waves

53
Q

What often occurs after heavy rainfall at Holderness Coast?

A

Mass movement as clay frequently falls after rainfall

54
Q

What type of coastal defences have been put up at Holderness Coast?

A

Hard engineering

rip rap, rock armour and groynes

55
Q

What has been the negative side effect of groynes in Holderness Coast?

A

Preventing transport of sediment has meant that erosion has worsened in certain areas

56
Q

What are the negative impacts of hard engineering?

A
  • Not aesthetically pleasing
  • Loss of habitats and organisms
  • Starve areas further down the coast
57
Q

Define Suspension

A

Small grains and particles bounce in the sea

58
Q

Define Erosion

A

The wearing away of rocks

UK GCSE Geography (17 decks)

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