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Geography > Development P2 SEC B > Flashcards

Development P2 SEC B Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

Improvement to people’s quality of life and standard of living

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2
Q

What factors effect quality of life?

A
  • Social
  • political
  • Wealth
  • Environment - sustainability
  • Cultural - democracy/politics
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3
Q

What are the advantages of GNI, as an economic measure of development? (2)

A
  • Easy to measure
  • measure country’s level of economic development
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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of GNI?

A
  • doesn’t count happiness
    • higher GNI can hide widespread inequality
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5
Q

Why is HDI a good measure to use for judging the development of a country? (3)

A
  • uses 2 types of social data and 1 type of economic data- shows quality of life and standard of living
  • updated annually
  • gives indication of how the money is spent
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6
Q

What is the difference between standard of living and quality of life?

A

Standard of living measure economic wellbeing.
Quality of life is about happiness.

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7
Q

Describe the disadvantages of HDI?

A
  • some geographers argue that wealth has too much of an important part, so rich countries can be artificially high in rankings
  • some think HDI should include more measured, from a range of 10-15 instead of 3, to give the final score
  • GNI may hide widespread inequality of a country
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8
Q

Define GNI.

A

Gross National Income

- total value of goods and services produced in country ,plus the income of residents and buisnesses

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9
Q

What factors make up HDI?

A
  • life expectancy
  • number of years of education
  • GNI per capita
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10
Q

Name the 3 main causes of uneven development and an example for each.

A
  • Economic causes - most of trade is within richer countries, want to pay as little as possible to LICs ( gte material from LICS cheaper)
  • Historical causes - colonisation, wars (due to independence), poverty cycle, high economy already
  • Physical causes - natural disasters, landlocked ,extreme climate, lack of safe water, climate related disease
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11
Q

Evidence of disparities in wealth caused by uneven development?

A
  • increases development gap
  • LEDCs are exploited for goods and don’t get paid enough, because rich countries are powerful
  • corrupt governments - less money goes towards benefiting people
  • MEDCs get richer/ stay rich
  • HICs have more stable governments - more money put into benefiting people
  • ## More trade within MEDCs
  • NEES have grown
    -in 2014, 35% of gobal welath in N AMERICA , but onlly held by 5% of world’s adult population
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12
Q

effects of migration from uneven development?

A
  • NO JOBS
  • OVERPOPULATION
  • multicutural
  • economic migrants
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13
Q

How can we narrow the development gap?

A
  • improve trade - fair trade, cancel debt (interest rates are high), free trade through WTO
  • Aid
  • Support for women - local micro-finance schemes
    - Work for gender equality
  • Investment - rich invest into poorer
  • Tourism
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14
Q

Define sustainability.

A

When materials/ resources are used in a way that balance needs of the present without compromising the future

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15
Q

What factors are affected by uneven development?

A
  • wealth
  • health
  • migration
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16
Q

What is primary, secondary and tertiary activity?

A

Primary - extracting raw materials - farming, mining, fishing
Secondary- manufacturing/construction - making cars etc.
Tertiary - providing service - teaching, doctors etc.

17
Q

Define a development indicator?

A

A measure to show how developed a country is.

18
Q

What factor puts countries at a disadvantage when trading?

A

Landlocked countries

19
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

When profits from sales is used to invest into new industries and the country gets richer and richer.

20
Q

What are the limitations of using economic and social indicators to measure development?

A
  • Data might be outdated
  • Some data is difficult to collect
  • Some information is unreliable
  • Informal work isn’t included in data (get healthcare advice on phone for ppl per doctor)
  • Government may be corrupt
21
Q

what is the demographic transition model?

A

A geographical model that shows how a country’s population changes over time

22
Q

what is infant mortality?

A

no, deaths of children under 1 year per 1000 live births

23
Q

ppl per doctor?

A

no. ppl who rely on one doctor for healthcare advice

24
Q

access to safe water?

A

% ppl who have access to water that doesnt carry health risk

25
Q

what happens at

stage one of demographic model?

A

HIGH birth rate
HIGH death raet
stable population

26
Q

what happens at

stage 2 of demographic model?

A

birth rate : REMAINS HIGH
death rate: DECREASES
Polulation : GROWS

27
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AT

STAGE 3 of demographic transition model?

A

birth rate DROPS RAPIDLY
Death rate DECREASES
population GROWS

28
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AT

STAGE 4 of demographic transition model?

A

BIRTH RATE LOW /fluctuates
Death rate LOW
population is HIGH

29
Q

what happens at

stage 5 of demographic transition model?

A

birth rate is LOW
deaths reate INCREASES
population DECREASES

30
Q

evidence fort disparities of HEALTH caused by uneven development?

A

in LICS, mist common death is CHILD BIRTH COMPLICATIONS
but in HICS , chronic disease is most common death

LICS: infection is 1/3 deaths
2/10 old age
4/10 of children under 15

HICS: 1/100 deaths children under 15
7/10 are old age deaths

31
Q

Stratégies to reduce development gap - 8

A

INVESTMENT
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
TOURISM
AID
INTERMEDIATE TECH
FAIRTRDE
DEBT RELIEF
MICROFINANCE

32
Q

How does INVESTMENT reduce development gap?

A

Invest money in LIC to increase profit involving:
- construction of dams (electricity)
- improvement of harbours and ports
- development in industries

33
Q

How does INDIUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT reduce development gap?

A

1) factory creates employment /money
2) money invested in SCHOOLS/WATER/HEALTH
3) population is better educated
4) opportunities for new investment

34
Q

How does TOURSIM reduce development gap?

A

Tourism increases INCOME for schools and healthcare , housing

35
Q

How does FAIRTRADE reduce development gap?

A

Improves quality of life for farmers
- get all money for crops (fair price)
- part of price is invested in LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

36
Q

How does DEBT RELIEF reduce development gap?

A
  • build up of debts in 1970-80 - DEBT CRISIS
  • so borrowed money to develop economy as HICS CANCELLED DEBTS
  • money saved in debt can be used to develop services, infrastructure
37
Q

What is microfinance ?

A

Small scale financial support from banks to help poor

38
Q

reducing development gap case study : Jamaica
- how has tourism reduced the development gap ?

A

ECONOMY: - Tourism accounts for 34% GDP in 2019
- Earns £2 billion a year in tourist revenues

EMPLOYMENT: Employs 300,000 people directly and indirectly
Multiplier effect: Help boost the economy through local spending in shops and on services

INFRASTRUCTURE : The north coast saw a new port and cruise liner facilities together with new hotel accommodations being built
- Narrows the gap as more tourists are attracted to the area which generates more jobs which in turn boosts the economy

39
Q

Jamaica : ad and dis on environment due to toursim?

A

ad: Conservation & landscaping
- water treatment to reduce pollution from hotels
- ecotourism developments

DIS : Footpath erosion
- excessive waste
- use of water, harmful emissions

Geography (13 decks)

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