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Pharmacology > 2.2 Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence > Flashcards

2.2 Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence Flashcards

1
Q

Why do ppl abuse drugs

A
  • The greater the good feeling obtained from a drug, the more likely the use of the drug will be repeated
  • known as reinforcement
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2
Q

Factors influencing substance use disorder - genetic factors

A
  • genetic factors can predispose an individual to substance use disorder
  • for example it is reported that sons of alcoholic parents are at higher risk to become alcoholics than sons of non-alcoholic parents
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3
Q

Factors influencing substance use disorder - coexisting disorders

A
  • individuals with a major affective disorder like depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, or schizophrenia are at higher risk for substance use disorder than the general population
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4
Q

Factors influencing substance use disorder - environmental risk factors

A
  • environments that promote drug use, family stability, work groups, and social groups all have influences on the potential for substance use disorder. Stable family life and social circles can reduce the risk of substance abuse.
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5
Q

Factors influencing substance use disorder - developmental aspect

A
  • adolescence and early adult hood are the age groups primarily associated with the initiation of substance use disorder
  • smoking usually begins before the age of 18
  • 80% of alcoholics begin abusing alcohol before age 30
  • illicit drug use usually begins between 15 and 18 years of age
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6
Q

The dopamine hypothesis

A
  • used to explain addiction
  • drugs reviews increase dopamine in the reward systems of the brain (limbic system)
  • The same dopaminergic systems are responsible for natural rewards such as food and sex, as well as for stimulus related rewards such as video games, gambling, and fire starting
  • drugs of abuse can cause an exaggerated increase in dopamine, altering communication with the brain
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7
Q

Characteristics of addictive drugs

A

Can be classified into three categories increase dopamine, produce novelty, and reduce anxiety

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8
Q

Increase dopamine

A
  • CNS stimulants like cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine and caffeine
  • opiates like morphine, heroin, Oxycotton
  • alcohol
  • cannabis
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9
Q

Produce novelty

A
  • Addicted because they produce a novel feeling in the person taking the drug
  • lsd
  • ecstasy (MDMA)
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10
Q

Reduce anxiety

A
  • Include CNS depressants such as
  • benzodiazepines
  • barbiturates
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11
Q

Substance abuse what is it

A
  • is a pattern of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences like failure to fulfil obligations
  • social perspective of substance abuse examines permissible and non-permissible behavior, based on customs and traditions
  • use of any drug in a manner that deviates from the approved medical or social patterns within a given culture
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12
Q

Substance abuse criteria

A
  • The use of prohibited drugs
  • The use of any therapeutic drug for other than its intended use
  • The intentional ingestion of any therapeutic drug in amounts greater than that prescribed, or taking a drug by roots other than those medically approved
  • taking drugs in combination in order to obtain greater pleasurable affect
  • The excessive use of licit (legal) social drugs (alcohol caffeine tobacco)
  • The use of non-therapeutic substances of abuse, including glue sniffing, gasoline and solvents
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13
Q

Abuse potential of a drug

A

Dependence liability, availability and inherent harmfulness

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14
Q

Dependence liability what is it

A
  • The tendency of the drug to cause dependence and addiction it varies from ducted drug as well from individual to individual
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15
Q

Three factors of dependence liability -

A

Nature of the drug, route of administration and amount and frequency of use

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16
Q

Nature of the drug

A
  • drugs are natural reinforcers
  • the pleasurable effects produced by a drug increases the probability that the drug will be taken again
  • cocaine and heroin produce intensely Pleasurable effects therefore have a high Intrinsic dependence liability
17
Q

Route of administration

A
  • drugs can be measured by route stick of rapid absorption so rapid effects these have a greater potential for abuse than drugs which produce the effect more slowly
  • drugs that are taken by sniffing, by inhalation, or intravenous injection more abuse pro than those taken orally
18
Q

Amount and frequency of use

A
  • greater the dose and frequency of use, greater the potential for development of dependence
  • occasional use of alcohol in moderation or rarely lead to dependence but frequent high-dose use of alcohol will lead to dependence
19
Q

Availability

A
  • more widespread a drug, the more likely will be abused
  • alcohol has moderate intrinsic dependence liability, but is most abused psychoactive substance in our society, largely because it is readily available
  • Heroin has a very high in transit dependence liability, but has posed a lower overall risk in North America as availability is controlled by law in cost
20
Q

inherent harmfulness

A
  • refers to the potential of the drug to cause harm
  • if drug serious risk to life and health, it will not be used even if widely available
  • methyl alcohol is widely available, when consumed and produces inebriating affect similar to those produced by I thought alcohol
  • however methyl alcohol in small doses can cause blindness and death this is why methyl alcohol is not commonly abused even though it is widely available
21
Q

Substance dependence

A
  • complex disease process of the CNS that requires repeated consumption, or chronic use, of the substance
  • three important aspect of substance dependence exist
  • drug tolerance, drug dependence and withdrawal, and drug addiction
22
Q

Drug tolerance

A
  • repeated administration of a given dose of a drug has progressively less pharmacological affect or a state in which the dose of a drug must be increased to obtain the same magnitude of pharmacological effect as was produced by the original drug dose
  • extent and rate specific for each drug
    Tolerance does not develop to all drugs nor to all aspects of a drugs action
  • reversible upon drug discontinuation
23
Q

Cross tolerance

A
  • resistance or tolerance to one drug because of the resistance or tolerance to another similar drug
  • if a person is tolerant to the CNS depressant alcohol, they will also be tolerant to the CNS depressant benzodiazepines, even if they have never taken a benzodiazepine before in their life
24
Q

Drug dependence and withdrawal

A
  • abnormal physiological state produced by repeated administration of a drug that leads to the appearance of a withdrawal syndrome when drug administration is discontinued or the dose is decreased
  • intensity of dependence is gouged by the severity of the withdrawal symptom
  • severity increases with the speed of the drug withdrawal, as the biological processes that have accommodated to the presence of the drug do not have time to reverse themselves
  • withdrawal symptoms opposite to the effects of the drug
  • fear of withdrawal episode contributes to the continuing of the drug taking behaviour
25
Q

Drug addiction

A
  • staten which stopping or abruptly reducing the dose of a given drug produces non-physical symptoms
  • Characterized by emotional and mental preoccupation with the drugs effects and buy a persistent craving for the drug, regardless of the consequences
  • The most powerful aspect in chronic nonmedical use of psychoactive drugs, and with hallucinogens it may be the only factor that perpetuates drug use
  • more difficult to treat than dependence
26
Q

Opiates (morphine, codiene, heroin)

A
  • tolerance - yes
  • dependence - yes
  • addiction - yes
27
Q

CNS depressants (ethanol, sedative)

A
  • tolerance - yes
  • dependence - yes
  • addiction - yes
28
Q

CNS stimulants ( amphetamines, cocaine)

A
  • tolerance - yes
  • dependence - yes
  • addiction - yes
29
Q

Hallucinogens (lsd)

A
  • tolerance - yes
  • dependence - no
  • addiction - yes
30
Q

Cannabis (thc)

A
  • tolerance - yes
  • dependence - yes
  • addiction - yes

Pharmacology (11 decks)

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