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Biology 1090 > Translation (Lecture 12) > Flashcards

Translation (Lecture 12) Flashcards

1
Q

Translation

Monocistronic mRNA

Initiation in eukaryotes occurs at which side?

What is the start codon?

A

Initiation in eukaryotes is at the 5’ cap, and the first AUG is the start codon

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2
Q

To translate the RNA transcript we need what three things?

A

To translate the RNA transcript we need:
1. A sequence for the Ribosome to initiate translation (it doesn’t just begin at the 5’ end)

  1. A genetic code that will specify which amino acid will be incorporated
  2. A termination sequence so the Ribosome knows when to stop
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3
Q

What is the start codon?

What are the three stop codons?

A

Translation begins at AUG and terminates at UAA or UAG or UGA
The AUG sets the code, so the next 3 nucleotides after AUG will code for another amino, and so on.

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4
Q

Properties of the Genetic Code

  • There are no ______ between codons
    • Codons are…
A

There are no spaces between codons

  • codons are adjacent
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5
Q

Properties of the Genetic Code

  • The genetic code is…
    • each nucleotide is part of _______
A
  • The genetic code is non-overlapping
    • each nucleotide is part of one codon
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6
Q

Properties of the Genetic Code

  • The genetic code is…
    • most amino acids are specified by more than ________
A

Properties of the Genetic Code

  • The genetic code is degenerate
    • most amino acids are specified by more than one codon
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7
Q

Properties of the Genetic Code

  • The genetic code is…
    • Amino acids with similar properties are specified by related codons
  • The genetic code is (nearly)…
    • With minor exceptions, each triplet/codon has the same meaning in _________
A
  • The genetic code is ordered
    • Amino acids with similar properties are specified by related codons
  • The genetic code is (nearly)…
    • With minor exceptions, each triplet/codon has the same meaning in all organisms
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8
Q

The genetic code

What does AUG code for?

A

AUG codes for Met: start codon. Note that unlike most of the other amino acids, Met is only coded for by AUG.

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9
Q

What are the three components for Translation?

A
  1. Messanger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  3. Ribosome (ribosomal RNA + ribosomal proteins)
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10
Q

Ribosomes

The large subunit includes 3 binding sites for tRNAs what are the 3 sites?

A
  1. Exit Site (E)
  2. Peptidyl Site (P)
  3. Aminoacyl Site (A)
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11
Q

tRNA

Where does the amino acid attachment site bind?

A

The amino acid attachment site binds to the 3’ end

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12
Q

Charging of Transfer RNAs with the Matching Amino acid

Enzymes known as aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are important in translation, what is their purpose?

A

Enzymes known as aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are important in translation. They carry out the actual translation from nucleic acid to amino acid

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13
Q

The first base in the codon 5’ end pairs with…

Every protein begins with what amino acid?

A

Note that the first base in the codon (5’ end) pairs with the last base (3’ end) in the anticodon.

Translation always begins with the AUG codon, which codes for Met. Therefore, every protein begins with the Met amino acid.

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14
Q

Translation Elongation

Translation of the sequence of codons in messenger RNA into the sequence of amino acids in a ______________ is an orderly process repeated over and over again

A

Translation of the sequence of codons in messenger RNA into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is an orderly process repeated over and over again

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15
Q

What happens in the first stage of initiation?

A

A reaction transfers the Met to the amino acid on the tRNA in the A site forming a peptide bond.

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16
Q

Initiation

What happens in initiation after a reaction transfers the Met to the amino acid on the tRNA in the A site forming a peptide bond?

A

The ribosome moves down one codon, which puts the amino acid carrying the polypeptide into the P site and the now-uncharged tRNA into the E site, where it is ejected. A new tRNA complementary to the next codon binds to the A site.

17
Q

Elongation

What happens in elongation?

A

The polypeptide transfers to the amino acid on the tRNA in the A site. The polypeptide is elongated by repeating these steps (including initiation).

18
Q

Termination

What happens in the termination stage?

A

Release factor binds to the A site

The bond connecting the poly[eptide to the tRNA breaks

19
Q

How many amino acids are in the genetic code?

A single protein with 62 amino acids would have how many possible sequences?

A

Only 20 amino acids in the genetic code.

A single protein with 62 amino acids would have 2062 possible sequences.

20
Q

Evolution of proteins

A

Biology 1090 (24 decks)

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