Chapter 15

Question 1

Peace of Westphalia

Answer 1

the name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years War in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe

Question 2

Fronde

Answer 2

a series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation

Question 3

mercantilism

Answer 3

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation’s international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver

Question 4

Peace of Utrecht

Answer 4

a series of treaties, from 1713-1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended the French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire

Question 5

Junkers

Answer 5

the nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Fredrick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state

Question 6

boyars

Answer 6

the highest ranking members of the Russian nobility

Question 7

Cossacks

Answer 7

free groups and outlaw armies originally compromising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the sixteenth century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state

Question 8

sultan

Answer 8

the ruler of the Ottoman Empire; he owned all the agricultural lands of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves

Question 9

janissary corps

Answer 9

the core of the sultan’s army, composed of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire; after 1683 it became a volunteer force

Question 10

millet system

Answer 10

a system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities, with each millet(nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders

Question 11

constitutionalism

Answer 11

a force of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government, on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subjects on the other hand; could include constitutional monarchies or republics

Question 12

republicanism

Answer 12

a form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercises through elected representatives

Question 13

Puritans

Answer 13

members of a sixteenth- and seventeenth- century reform movements within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements like bishops, elaborate ceremonies, and wedding rings

Question 14

Protectorate

Answer 14

the English military dictatorship (1653-1658) established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I

Question 15

stadholder

Answer 15

the executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange

Question 16

Test Act

Answer 16

legislation passed by the English Parliament in 1673 to secure the position of the Anglican Church by stripping Puritans, Catholics, and other dissenters of the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and teach at or attend universities