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Human Biology, 13th Edition - Sylvia S. Mader > Ch 11 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch 11 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What types of tissue is the skeletal system composed of?

A

Connective.

  1. Supportive connective tissue (bone & cartilage)
  2. Dense fibrous connective tissue (ligaments & tendons)
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2
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Supports the body
  2. Protects soft body parts, like the skull (brain) and the ribs (heart/lungs)
  3. Produces blood cells (red bone marrow)
  4. Stores minerals and fat (the matrix contains calcium phosphate. Fat is stored in yellow bone marrow)
  5. Permits flexible body movements, in combo with muscles
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3
Q

What are the different parts of a bone? Use the following word bank:

Diaphysis
Medullary cavity
Epiphysis
Spongy and compact bone
Red and yellow bone marrow
Hyaline/articular cartilage
Periosteum
Primary/secondary ossification center
Osteon
Concentric lameliae
Osteocyte
Lacunae
Central canal
Canaliculi
Gap junctions
Matrix
Epiphyseal (growth) plate
Trabeculae
A

The diaphysis is the long shaft of the bone, composed of compact bone. The medullary cavity is located inside of the diaphysis, where blood vessels pass through and where yellow bone marrow lies, which stores fat. The primary ossification center is located inside of the diaphysis. The periosteum is the fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the shaft, and it contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.

Compact bone is composed of osteons, which are tubes of bone that are layered one after the other in circles. These layers are called concentric lameliae. Every osteon contains a central canal where nutrient exchange takes place between osteocytes and blood vessels. Osteocytes are matured bone cells. In between the layers, there are lacunae, which are small, empty cavities that contain an osteocyte. Lacunae are bridged to one another via canaliculi, which are channels that extend from lacunae to lacunae in order to pass nutrients via gap junctions.

The epiphysis are the ends of these long bones and are composed of spongy bone. Spongy bone is composed of trabeculae, which create the designs/spaces. These ends contain red bone marrow. The Epiphyseal plate and the secondary ossification center are located within the epiphysis. Hyaline cartilage (also called articular cartilage) is located on the outside of the epiphysis at joints so as to protect the bone from rubbing against other bones. Hyaline cartilage contains chondrocytes in lacunae.

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4
Q

What are the cells called for the following tissues:
Cartilage
Bone
Ligaments/tendons

A 
Cartilage = chondrocytes
Bone = osteocytes
Ligaments/tendons = Fibroblasts
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5
Q

Which tissue type takes the longest to heal? Why?

A

Cartilage because it has no blood vessels, so it relies on neighboring tissues for nutrient and waste exchange. This makes it very slow to heal.

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6
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

At the end of long bones, in the nose, at the ends of the ribs, and in the larynx and trachea.

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7
Q

What is the periosteum continuous with?

A

Ligaments and tendons connected to a bone

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8
Q

What is fibrocartilage and where is it located?

A

Gymnastics wrecks this. Fibrocartilage is stronger than hyaline cartilage, as it’s able to withstand both tension and pressure. Thus, it’s located areas of the body where that occurs: the vertebrae disks and the cartilage of the knee.

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9
Q

What are the roles of ligaments and tendons?

A

Ligaments connect bone to bone.

Tendons connect muscle to bone at a joint

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10
Q

How many bones do we have?

A

206

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11
Q

What is the axial skeleton? Which bones does it contain?

A

It’s the part of the skeleton that lies in the midline of the body. It consists of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and the rib cage.

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12
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

The part of our skeleton that contains all the limbs, including the pectoral and pelvic girdle

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13
Q

What are the main bones that the cranium is composed of?

A

Frontal bone = forehead

Parietal bone = the crown of the skull that stretches off to the left and right. Largest skull bone

Occipital bone = the lowest part of the skull covering the opening of the brain stem (the foramen magnum) and extending upward to connect with the parietal bone

Temporal bone = “temple” on the sides of the skull where our ears are located

Sphenoid bone = the “bat wings” the floor of the cranium

Zygomatic bone = cheek bones

Maxilla = upper lip

Mandible = jaw

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14
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

The only bone that doesn’t articulate with any other bone. It “floats” in the throat, anchoring the tongue. It’s connected by muscles and ligaments to the temporal bones.

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15
Q

How many vertebrae does the vertebral column have? How many curvatures?

A

33 vertebrae and 4 curvatures to provide it more strength and resilience for an upright posture

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16
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

A “hunch-back” (an abnormal posterior curvature)

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17
Q

What is lordosis?

A

A “swayback” (an abnormal anterior curvature) – causes chest to be further back than normal

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18
Q

What are spinous and transverse processes?

A

Attachments sites for the muscles in the spine that allow the vertebral column to move

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19
Q

What is the ‘atlas’?

A

The first cervical vertabra that holds up the head and allows us to make the “yes” motion with our head (nodding). Also allows head to tilt side to side

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20
Q

What is the ‘axis’?

A

The second cervical vertabra allows us to shake our heads “no”

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21
Q

What are the curvatures in the back called?

A 
From top to bottom:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Pelvic
Tailbone (not considered a curvature)
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22
Q

What are intervertebral disks?

A

They’re between the vertebrae and composed of fibrocartilage that act as padding that prevents them from grinding against one another

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23
Q

Which ribs are “true” ribs? Which are “false” ribs? What makes them true or false?

A

True = Ribs 1-7:
These ribs connect directly to the sternum by means of a long strip of hyaline cartilage called costal cartilage

False = Ribs 8-12:
These ribs don’t connect directly to the sternum. They merge into one piece of costal cartilage that connects to sternum, and ribs 11 and 12 are free floating

24
Q

What is the sternum and its function?

A

The breastbone. It helps protect the heart and lungs.

25
Q

What is the manubrium, and why is it important?

A

It joins to the top of the sternum at an angle. This occurs at the level of the 2nd rib, and therefore, allows the ribs to be counted.

26
Q

What are the main bones in the pectoral girdle and the upper limbs?

A 
Pectoral girdle:
The scapula (shoulder blade)
The clavicle (collarbone)

Upper limbs:
Humerus (upper arm)
Radius and Ulna (lower arm)
Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges (hand)

27
Q

What are the main bones in the pelvic girdle and lower limbs?

A 
Pelvic girdle:
Coxal bones (one per leg)

Lower limb:
Femur (thigh)
Tibia and fibula (lower leg)
Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges (foot)

28
Q

What is the role of the pelvis?

A

It’s composed of the pelvic girdle, sacrum, coccyx.
It bears the weight of the body, protects the organs within the pelvic cavity, and serves as the place of attachment for the legs.

29
Q

What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?

A

The femur

30
Q

How do the male and female pelves differ from each other?

A

In the female, the iliac bones are more flared and the pelvic cavity is more shallow, but the outlet is wider. Facilitate the birthing process.

31
Q

How does someone get “flat feet?”

A

If the ligaments that bind the metatarsals together become weakened

32
Q

What are three types of synovial joints?

A
  1. Generalized
  2. Ball-and-socket (i.e. shoulder)
  3. Hinge (i.e. elbow, knee)
33
Q

Are cartilaginous joints more movable or synovial joints?

A

Synovial

34
Q

What is a joint capsule?

A

A fibrous joint capsule formed by ligaments surrounds the bones at the joint. It’s lined with synovial membrane that secretes a small amount of synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.

35
Q

What are bursae?

A

Fluid-filled sacs that ease friction between bare areas of bone and overlapping muscles or between skin and tendons

36
Q

Which two joints have ball-and-socket joints that allow free rotation of the bones?

A

Shoulder and hip joints

37
Q

What does flexion and extension look like?

A

Bending a knee inward (joint angle decreases) = flexion

Extending the leg straight = extension

38
Q

What does adduction and abduction look like?

A

Adduction = body part moves toward midline (cheerleading “slap down”)

Abduction = move away from midline (lifting your arms straight out to the side, in a T formation)

39
Q

What is supination? Pronation?

A 
Supination = Hand faces anterior or downward
Pronation = Hand faces posterior, or upward
40
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Moving a body part in circles to form a cone shape (i.e. moving foot in circle w/ leg extended)

41
Q

What is inversion? Eversion?

A 
Inversion = Sole of foot turns inward
Eversion = Sole of foot turns outward
42
Q

What is the difference between osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts?

A

Osteoblasts (b = build) are bone-forming cells that secrete organic matrix of bone and promote the deposition of calcium salts into the matrix

Osteocytes are matured bone cells that maintain the structure of bone.

Osteoclasts (c = crash) are bone-absorbing cells that break down bone and return calcium and phosphate to the blood

43
Q

What happens to calcium and phosphate when bone builds up and degrades?

A

When bone builds up, more calcium and phosphate are relocated from the blood to bone. When bone is broken down, calcium and phosphate leave the bones and return to the blood.

44
Q

What is ossification?

A

Refers to the formation of bone.

45
Q

What are the two ways that bones form during embryonic development? What’s the difference?

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification
    Flat bones, such as the skull bones. Bones develop between sheets of fibrous tissue. Forms spongey bone, which contains red bone marrow.
  2. Endochondral ossification
    Most bones of the human skeleton. Bones form within cartilage, and bone replaces the cartilaganous (hyaline) models of the bones. As cartilage models calcify, the chondrocytes die off.
46
Q

What is the primary ossification center? Secondary?

A

The primary ossification center eventually becomes the medullary cavity when spongy bone of the diaphysis is absorbed by osteoclasts.

The secondary ossification center is in the epiphysis.

47
Q

Where else is cartilage present in a bone besides the articular cartilage?

A

It’s also present in the epiphyseal growth plates. As long as these growth plates are still present, limbs will keep growing. In women this is around 16-18 years old. In men this is around 20 yrs old.

48
Q

Which hormones affect bone growth?

A

Vitamin D turns into a hormone in the kidneys that acts on the intestinal tract in order to absorb calcium

Growth hormone (GH) directly stimulates growth of the growth plate as well as bone growth in general.

Thyroid hormone promotes the metabolic activity of cells, which must be promoted in order for GH to work.

Sex hormones stimulate osteoblast activity

49
Q

What is dwarfism, gigantism, and acromegaly?

A

Dwarfism = results from too little growth hormone as a child

Gigantism = results from too much growth hormone as a child

Acromegaly = results from excess growth hormone in adults following epiphyseal fusion, which produces excessive growth of bones in the hands and face

50
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

Bone renewal. As much as 18% of bone is recycled each year, which allows the body to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood

51
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

New bone is generated faster than normal, which produces really soft and weak bones. This can cause bone pain, deformities and fractures.

52
Q

Why is calcium important?

A
  1. It’s required for blood to clot

2. If blood calcium concentration is too high, neurons and muscle cells no longer function.

53
Q

Which hormones are involved in regulating the blood calcium level?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve the calcium matrix of bone.

Calcitriol also increases blood calcium levels.

Calcitonin acts opposite of the above hormones, so it decreases blood calcium levels.

54
Q

What happens during bone repair?

A
  1. Hematoma = a mass of clotted blood
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus = fills the space between the ends of the bones for about three weeks
  3. Bony callus = the above callus gets converted to spongy bone. This lasts 3-4 months
  4. Remodeling = osteoblasts build new compact bone, and osteoclasts break down the spongy bone to create a new medullary cavity
55
Q

What are the different types of fractures?

A 
Complete = if bone is broken clear through
Incomplete = if bone is not separated into 2 parts
Simple = does not pierce skin
Compound = if does pierce skin
Impacted = broke ends are wedged into each other
Spiral = break is ragged due to twisting of a bone
56
Q

Where is fat stored in the bones?

A

In yellow bone marrow. It’s part of the body’s energy reserves.

Human Biology, 13th Edition - Sylvia S. Mader (16 decks)

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