Sem 2 - T - Face&Scalp - Skull, fascia,facial expression (muscles/nerves), scalp (layers/blood/nerves), face sensation, lymph Flashcards
o0Sutures are in red - name them from 12 oclock clockwise to 10 oclock (three boxes)
Bones are in blue - name from superior to infeirior (6 boxes)
Green box is two bones coming together to make zygomatic arch - names?
- Sutures (red) - Coronal (parietal & frontal bone), Lamboid (occipital & parietal bone), Squamous (parietal & temporal bone)
- Bones (blue) - Sphenoid, Nasal, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, Maxilla, Zygomatic bone
- Zygomatic arch (green) - temporal process of zygomatic bone & zygomatic process of temporal bone
Where do the muscles of facial expression tend to originate and insert?
Muscles of facial expression tend to originate from bone and insert onto the skin/connective tissue of the face
What does the fascia of the scalp blend with in the neck extend to in the temporal regions?
The fascia of the scalp blends with the superifical fascia of the face extends into the temporal regions laterally
What fascia covers the masseter and parotid gland?
A layer of deep cervical fascia (the parotid fascia) coveres the masster and parotid gland
What are the branches off the facial nerve after it leaves the stylomastoid foramen?
Facial nerve gives the posterior auricular nerve which gives off supply to posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid and the occipitalis (posterior belly of occipito-frontalis) Facial nerve then divides into five terminal branches
- * Temporal
- * Zygomatic
- * Buccal
- * Marginal mandibular
- * Cervical
What muscles does each of the five terminal branches innervate? Temporal (3) Zygomatic (1) Buccal (11) Marginal mandibular (3) Cervical (1)
- Temporal - Frontalis, orbicularis oculi, corrigaotr supercili
- Zygomatic - Orbicularis oculi
- Buccal - Zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alequae nasi, levator angulari oris, buccinator, orbicularis oris, risorius, nasalis, procerus, depressor septi nasi
- Marginal mandibular - Depressor anguli oris, depressor labii oris, mentalis
- Cervical - Platysma
We will now talk about temporal branch innervated muscles of facial expression What is the function of the frontalis and corrigator supercili?
Frontalis - primary function is to raise the eyebrows especially when looking up producing horizontal wrinkles on the forehead
Corrgiator supercili - draws the eyebrows downwards and medially producing the vertical wrinkles of the forehead
We will now discuss orbicularis oculi What is it innervated by? What is its function?
Orbicularis oculi - innervated by both the temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve
Two parts - orbital part which tightly shuts the eye and palpebral part which gently closes the eye
We will now talk about buccal branch innervated muscles of facial expression Zygomaticus major and minor, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator anguli oris, buccinator, orbicularis oris, risorius, nasalis, procerus, depressor septi nasi
What is the function of zygomaticus major and minor? What is the function of orbicularis oris?
Zygomaticus major and minor raise the corners of the mouth superior and posterior when a person smiles
Oribicularis oris is a muscle which encircles the mouth and closes it and puckers the lips when it contracts
What is the function of levator labii superioris and levator anguli oris? Which sits deeper?
Levator labii superioris elevates the upper lip
Levator anguli oris is deep to the levator labii superioris and elevates the corners of the mouth medially
What is the function of the levator labii superioris alequae nasi and the risorius?
The levator labii superior alequae nasi helps to flare the nostrils and elevate the upper lip Risorius helps to angle the corners of the mouth to produce a (incencere looking) smile
What is the function of the buccinator and nasalis? What is buccinator pierced by?
Nasalis crosses the nose like a plaster, and curves around the outside to where the nostrils are to help flare the nostrils Buccinator is pierced by the pierced by the parotid duct and the buccal branch of the CN V3 It compresses the cheeks
What is the function of the procerus and the depressor septi nasi?
Procerus wrinkles the skin at the top of the nose by pullling this skin downwards
Depressor septi nasi draws the ala of the nose downwards therefore preventing flaring of the nostrils
We will now talk about marginal mandiular branch innervated muscles of facial expression
- What is the function of the depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris and mentalis?
- What is the order of lateral to medial?
Lateral
- Depressor anguli oris - depresses bottom corner of mouth associated with frowning
- Depressor labii inferioris - depresses bottom lip
- Mentalis - upward inward movement of chin curling bottom lip
Medial
We will now talk about cervical branch innervated muscle of facial expression What is the attachments and function of the platysma?
Platysma attaches from the fascia above the pectoralis major and clavicle and inserts into the lateral neck and onto the mandible Function - tightens skin on the neck
ONE MORE TIME, STATE THE MUSCLES INNERVATED BY THE TERMINAL BRANCHES OF THE FACIAL NERVE
- Temporal - Frontalis, Oribicularis oculi, corrigator supercili
- Zygomatic - Orbicularis oculi
- Buccal - Zygomaticus major & minor, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alequae nasi, levator anguli oris, buccinator, orbicularis oris, nasalis, risorius, procerus, depressor septi nasi
- Marginal mandibular - Depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, mentalis
- Cervical - Platsyma
Name the branches coming from the ECA? What is the transverse facial artery a branch of?
- Anterior branches - superior thyroid, lingual and facial artery
- Posterior branches - Ascending pharyngeal, occipital and posterior auricular artery
- Terminal branches - Superficial temporal and maxillary artery
Transverse facial artery is a branch of superficial temporal artery
What are the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery known as? What branches travels superior to the eye almost in the midline of the orbit?
The terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery are the supratrochlear artery and the dorsal nasal artery
The supraorbital artery comes from the ophthalmic artery to supply the skin on the forehead above the orbit
What are the layers of the scalp from external to internal?
External
- Skin
- Connective tissue
- Aponeurosis - between frontalis and occipitalis
- Loose areolar connective tissue
- Perisoteum (pericranium) - adherent to bone
Internal
Which layer carries the blood supply to the scalp?
The blood (and superifical veins of the scalp and nerve) supply to the scalp is within the connective tissue layer of the scalp
What is the blood supply to the scalp?
5 pairs of arteries supply the scalp
- ICA (ophthalmic) branches
- * Supraorbital artery
- * Supratrochlear artery
- ECA branches
- * Superficial temporal artery
- * Posterior auricular artery
- * Occipital artery
What is the loose areolar connective tissue layer sometimes referred to and why?
It is sometimes referred to as the danger zone due to the emissary veins The emissary veins allow for communication between the superficial veins of the scalp (in connective tissue layer) (extracranial) and the dural venous sinuses within the cranium (intracraniual) and is therefore a potential route of infection
The nerve supply of the scalp is also found in layer 2 of the scalp (the connective tissue layer)
- What is the nerve supply to the scalp? Try and state where the nerves come from (go from anterior/medial to lateral to posterior scalp innervation)
- a) Supratrochlear (CN V1)
- b) Supraorbital (CN V1)
- c) Zygomaticotemporal (CN V2)
- d) Auriculotemporal (CN V3)
- e) Lesser occipital (C2)
- f) Greater occipital (C2) & third (least) occpital (C3)
The sensory innervation to the face comes from branches of the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve
Try and state the branches from these divisions providing sensory innervation to the face?
- CN V1 * Supratrochlear * Supraorbital * Infratrochlear * External nasal * Lacrimal
- CN V2 * Zygomaticotemporal * Zygomaticofacial * Infraorbital
- CN V3 * Auriculotemporal * Buccal * Mental
Going to ask about the lymphatic drainage of the scalp and face
State what each box is covering - ie the name of the lymphatic area, start with orange, finish with dark green
- Orange - occipital lymph group
- Purple - mastoid lymph group
- Red - parotid lymph group
- Pink - submandibular lymph group
- Light green - superificial cervical lymph group
- Dark green - deep cervical lymph group
