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personality traits Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basic unit of personality

A

trait

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2
Q

what are mccrae and costa describing ‘relitavely stable patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours on which people differ’

A

traits

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3
Q

how are traits organised

A

into a hierarchical structure

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4
Q

why are traits organised in a hierarchical structure

A

to allow us to describe personality

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5
Q

should traits be enduring or transient

A

enduring

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6
Q

what does a behaviour need to be consistent over to be considered as a trait

A

a variety of situations

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7
Q

can traits change over time

A

yes, gradually, but not rapidly/without pattern

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8
Q

………… to act in a certain way when placed in certain situation

A

probabilistic tendency

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9
Q

what do traits differentiate people from

A

one another

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10
Q

what does some traits being more general than others give rise to

A

hierarchy of traits

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11
Q

trait hierachy: high level trait example

A

extraversion

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12
Q

trait hierachy: mid level trait example

A

sensation seeking

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13
Q

trait hierachy: low level trait example

A

sexual sensation seeking

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14
Q

trait hierachy: illustrative behaviour example

A

raunchy personals ad

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15
Q

why do we use likert scale to measure traits

A

people vary in degree to which they exhibit trait

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16
Q

bell shaped curve actual name

A

normal distribution curve

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17
Q

what is the lexical approach based on

A

the idea that personality trails are reflected in language

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18
Q

briefly describe lexical approach

A
  • personality traits reflected in language
  • most important traits correspond to words used frequently
  • number of synonyms reflects importance of trait in describing personality
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19
Q

limitations of lexical approach

A
  • most early work was only conducted in english

- approach assumes work is cross cultural

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20
Q

lexical approach psychologists

A

allport and odbert 1936

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21
Q

what did factor analysis help lexical approach psychologists to do

A

group together that measure same basic trait (latent variable)

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22
Q

what is factor analysis based around

A

the idea of correlation

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23
Q

factor analysis represents degree to which

A

two things are associated with one another

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24
Q

factor analysis is a way to reduce large number of variables into small number of latent variables that…

A

measure the same thing

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25
Q

what did cattell do briefly regarding trait approach

A
  • sorted 4500 terms based on meaning
  • sorted clusters into anonyms
  • 171 traits to 35
  • factor analysis- 35 to 12
  • developed 16PF
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26
Q

4 LIMITATIONS Cattell’s approach

A
  • too many subjective steps
  • findings couldnt be replicated
  • 16 still too many traits
  • many factors correlated
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27
Q

what does it mean if factors in factor analysis correlate highly together

A

they are not individually unique

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28
Q

what does the big 5 represent

A

5 broad dimensions on which personality varies

29
Q

what are the big 5 (OCEAN)

A
  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
30
Q

alternative name openess

A

culture, intellect

31
Q

alt name conscientiousness

A

dependability

32
Q

alt name extraversion

A

surgency sociable

33
Q

agreeableness alt name

A

social adaptibility

34
Q

neuroticism alt name

A

emotional instability

35
Q

how does the big 5 achieve validity

A

the 5 figures replicate across cultures

36
Q

from which sources does 5 factors receive support from

A

factor analysis

fits with other measures of personality eg Cattell’s

37
Q

how is the big 5 measures

A

large number of psychometric measures, often revised over time

38
Q

psychometric measures

A

questionnaires

39
Q

what is basic idea of questionnaires with numerous statements

A

can assess traits in different contexts eg. extraversion
‘i am outgoing’
‘i am talkative’
‘i show enthusiasm’

40
Q

limitations of questionnaires for measuring big 5

A

all measure same thing but each measure slightly different

might find effect using one measure but not another

41
Q

alternatives to big 5

A
  • eyesncks PEN
  • myers-briggs type indicator
  • HEXACO
  • dark triad
42
Q

what does eysencks PEN state 3 main types of personality traits are

A

extraversion, neuroticism, psyhcoticism

43
Q

what type of data collection is eysencks PEN based on

A

years of factor analysis/empirical data collection

44
Q

what responses did eysenck observe with PEN

A

habitual responses

45
Q

which two types of personality trait did eysenck propose

A

extraversion neuroticism

46
Q

why was psychoticism added to eysencks pen

A

observed that some people free of anxiety/fear- psychopaths

47
Q

how are neurotics and psychopaths differentiated eysencks pen

A

severity of disorder. lower level neurotic etc

48
Q

when was eysencks personality questionnaire developed

A

1975

49
Q

eyseneck argued personality is ……. and …………… imposes limits on ……..

A

personality is biological and biology imposes limits on change

50
Q

what two O and C’s did eysenck argue are facets of psychoticism

A

openness and conscientiousness

51
Q

why has psychoticism been criticised in eysencks pen

A

may relate to psychopathic tendencies eg callousness, ruthlessness
limited evidence in factor analysis

52
Q

HEXACO: what 6th factor added

A

honesty

53
Q

HEXACO: what does honesty mean according to HEXACO

A

reciprocity and altruism

54
Q

what does altruistic mean

A

selfless/helpful

55
Q

what does HEXACO stand for

A 
Honesty 
Emotionality
eXtraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness
56
Q

HEXACO: emotionality equivalent

A

neuroticism

57
Q

HEXACO:how did ashton et al. identify honesty as common recurring factor

A

using cross cultural lexical approach

58
Q

HEXACO: how does ashton argue that honesty and agreeableness are two different things

A

honesty refers to reciprocal altruism ITO fairness

agreeableness refers to RA ITO tolerance

59
Q

HEXACO: 2 criticisms

A
  • factors shouldnt correlate highly

- why honesty? spirituality, risk taking came up as often

60
Q

HEXACO:what is DeYoungs criticism of model

A

agreeableness split into two factors

61
Q

Barford et al findings HEXACO

A

strong overlap between politness aspect of BFAS and honesty in hexaco but not enough to suggest identical

62
Q

big 5 criticised for not representing antisocial…

A

aspects of personality

63
Q

dark triad traits (Paulhaus and Williams 2002)

A

psychopathy, machiavellianism and narcissism

64
Q

psychopathy

A

impulsive, anti-social, irresponsible

65
Q

machiavellianism

A

cold, deceptive

66
Q

narcissism

A

vain, arrogant, devalues others

67
Q

example of how dark triad is measured

A

range of self report measures exist eg dirty dozen (johnson et al 2010;2013)

68
Q

what is dark triad poorly correlated to

A

big 5 measures

Personality (2 decks)

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