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Y2 RESS- Topic 1- Population Health Research > 3. Data And Sources And Ch.1 of E-book > Flashcards

3. Data And Sources And Ch.1 of E-book Flashcards

1
Q

what is a population

A

every member of a defined interest group

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2
Q

census

A

everyone in the population is measured and counted

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3
Q

sample

A

selection of smaller number of people that are representative of the whole population

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4
Q

variable meaning and examples

A

the collection of data, e.g., age, height etc.

-classed into 4 main types

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5
Q

what is a categorical variable

A

can only be assigned to a number of distinct categories e.g., blood type has to be either A, B, AB, O

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6
Q

what two types can categorical variables be divided into

A

nominal

ordinal

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7
Q

what is a nominal variable and example

A

category has no natural ordering eg, sex is either male or female

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8
Q

what is an ordinal variable

A

have categories that are ordered e,g pain can be absent, mild, severe

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9
Q

numerical variable meaning and example

A

take a numerical value

e.g. age, number of siblings

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10
Q

discrete variable meaning and example

A

only takes whole numerical values: 0, 1, 2 etc.

e.g. the number of hospital episodes a patient has

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11
Q

what two types can numerical data be divided into

A

discrete and continuous

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12
Q

continuous variable meaning and example

A

no limitations on values

e.g. weight can be 8.75426564… kg (still continuous variable even if it is recorded as a whole number)

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13
Q

what is the frequency distribution

A

description of the manner in which values of a variable are scattered

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14
Q

What is Anscombe’s quartet

A

Four sets of data with the same statistical properties but different graphical representations

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15
Q

In a bar chart are all the bars the same width

A

Yes

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16
Q

What is the area of a bar in a histogram proportional to

A

The frequency

17
Q

What is the height of a bar in a histogram proportional to

A

Frequency/ class width

18
Q

What does mean tell you and how is it calculated

A

Where data is centred

Add up all values/ number of values

19
Q

What is standard deviation

A

Measure of the average distance of all the data values from the mean

20
Q

What does a larger standard deviation value indicate

A

The values are collectively more further away from the mean and so the data values are more spread out

21
Q

How to calculate standard deviation

A
  1. Calculate the mean
  2. Subtract the mean from every value.
  3. Square each of the values obtained in Step 2. Add these squared values together to give the sum of the squares value
  4. Divide the final result obtained from Step 3 by the total number of values in the sample minus 1, i.e. divide the sum of squares by (n - 1). This is known as the variance.
  5. Take the square root of the result obtained in Step 4. This is the sd.
22
Q

What is the central line in the box of a box plot

A

The median

23
Q

What is a health outcome

A

The impact healthcare activities have on people

  • course of symptoms
  • live or die
  • care costs
  • treatment satisfaction
24
Q

What are the three types of health outcomes

A

Biological/ clinical eg, BMI/ blood pressure
Clinician/ patient reported outcomes eg, symptom scores, health related QoL
Record based outcomes eg, mortality, disease incidence

25
Q

Examples of health outcomes that may be objective

A

Mortality
Disease incidence
BMI
Blood pressure

26
Q

Examples of health outcomes that may be subjective

A

Pain
Mental health
Fatigue

27
Q

What is validity and what are the 3 main types

A
  • outcome measure what it is supposed to measure
    1. Construct validity
    2. Content validity
    3. Face validity
28
Q

What can construct validity be divided into

A 
Convergent = are constructs that should be related, actually related
Discriminant = it doesn’t measure what it shouldn’t
29
Q

What is content validity

A

The outcome measures all facets of a given outcome
E.g. look at depression: includes both affective and behavioural symptoms such as energy loss, depressed mood, loss of interest etc

30
Q

What is face validity

A

The outcome appears to measure what it should measure

E.g. is obesity measured as weight, BMI, body fat%

31
Q

What is test- retest reliability

A

Are measurements consistent over time if nothing else has changed

32
Q

Inter - rater reliability

A

Do different assessors give same results

33
Q

What is responsiveness

A

The outcome should be able to detect real changes when they occur

34
Q

What is effect size

A

Magnitude of change in outcomes

35
Q

What is selection bias

A

Bias when choosing participants

E.g. not using older people as other factors would influence data but this is still biased in a way

Y2 RESS- Topic 1- Population Health Research (7 decks)

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