Introduction to organic chemistry

Question 1

Define the term molecular formula

Answer 1

Formula showing the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Question 2

Define the term empirical formula

Answer 2

Formula showing the smallest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

Question 3

Give the empirical formula of the compound C6H1206

Answer 3

C2H402

Question 4

Define the term structural formula

Answer 4

Formula showing the arrangement of atoms in a compound carbon by carbon

Question 5

Give the structural formula of the compound pentane

Answer 5

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

Question 6

Define the term displayed formula

Answer 6

Shows how atoms are arranged and the bonds between them

Question 7

Define the term general formula

Answer 7

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

Question 8

Define the term Homologous series

Answer 8

A family of compounds that Have the same functional group and general formula

Question 9

List 3 characteristics shared by members of the same homologous series

Answer 9

They show a gradual change in physical properties
They have the same chemical properties
Each member of a homologous series differs by CH2 from the last member

Question 10

Give the general formula of alkanes

Answer 10

CnH(2n+2)

Question 11

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

Answer 11

Saturated

Question 12

Define the term saturated

Answer 12

Each carbon Atom has made four bonds so it’s impossible to make more

Question 13

Give the general formula of cycloalkanes

Answer 13

CnH2n

Question 14

Are cycloalkanes saturated or unsaturated?

Answer 14

Saturated

Question 15

State the prefix and suffix of a cycloalkane

Answer 15

Prefix: cyclo
Suffix: ane

Question 16

Give the general formula for branched alkanes

Answer 16

CnH2n+2

Question 17

What is the group name for branches?

Answer 17

Alkyl

Question 18

Give the general formula of alkenes

Answer 18

CnH2n

Question 19

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

Answer 19

Unsaturated

Question 20

Define the term unsaturated

Answer 20

The carbon atoms on either end of the double bond or bonded to three atoms each so they could form another bond

Question 21

Give the general formula for alcohols

Answer 21

CnH(2n+1)OH

Question 22

Give the general formula for aldehyde

Answer 22

R-CHO

Question 23

What does “R” represent?

Answer 23

An alkyl group or a hydrogen Atom

Question 24

Give the general formula for ketones

Answer 24

R-CO-R’

Question 25

Give the general formula for carboxylic acids

Answer 25

R-COOH

Question 26

Define the term nomenclature

Answer 26

Naming molecules containing carbon using rules

Question 27

Identify the steps involved in naming a molecule

Answer 27

1. identify the longest chain of carbons. This gives you the stem name
2. Identify any branches and/or functional groups
3. Numbered the main carbon chain so the highest priority functional group has the lowest number possible
4. The highest priority functional group takes the suffix
5. If you have more than one of the same type of functional group then use di/tri/tetra (Eg: dichloro)
6. If you have more than one of the same type of functional group then put them in alphabetical order (Eg: bromo before chloro)

Question 28

Identify the steps involved in naming cycloalkanes

Answer 28

1. count the number of carbon atoms in the ring
2. add the prefix cyclo and suffix ane
3. If any alkyl groups are attached just add the alcohol prefix without a number . If there’s more than one alkyl group give the alkyl group that’s alphabetically first the lower number

Question 29

Define the term structural isomer

Answer 29

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 30

Name three tripes of structural isomers

Answer 30

Chain isomers
Position isomers
Functional group isomers

Question 31

What are chain isomers

Answer 31

Isomers with the same functional group but different arrangement of the carbon skeleton

Question 32

What are position isomers

Answer 32

Isomers which have the same skeleton atoms/groups of atoms but the atoms/groups of atoms are attached to different carbon atoms

Question 33

What are functional group isomers?

Answer 33

Buy some hoes which all have the same type and number of atoms but they are arranged into different functional groups

Question 34

What are stereoisomers?

Answer 34

Isomers with the same structural formula but their atoms are arranged differently in space

Question 35

The carbon atoms in a carbon-to-carbon double bond and the atoms bonded to them lie in the same…

Answer 35

plane

Question 36

When do you get E/Z isomerism?

Answer 36

when the two carbon atoms involved in the carbon-to-carbon double bond each have two different atoms or groups of atoms attached to them (they don’t have to be different to the ones on the opposite carbon atom)

Question 37

if the two groups of atoms or opposite to each other what type of isomer is it?

Answer 37

An E isomer

Question 38

If they are both above or below what type of isomer is it?

Answer 38

A Z isomer

Question 39

If The carbon atoms Have two different groups attached how do you judge if it’s an E or Z isomer?

Answer 39

By seeing if the highest priority groups are on the opposite sides or the same side

Question 40

List the steps needed to identify what type of isomer it is if all four groups are different

Answer 40

List the steps needed to identify what type of isomer it is if all four groups are different
1. Consider the groups joined to the right hand side of the carbon carbon double bond
Considered the atomic number of the atoms attached
Whichever has the higher atomic mass takes priority
If they are the same then consider atoms one bond further away
2. Consider the groups joined to the left hand side of the carbon to carbon double bond
Consider the atomic mass of the atoms attached
Whichever has the greater atomic mass strakes priority
3. If the highest priority groups are on opposite sides then it is an E isomer. If they are on the same side than it is a Z isomer