lymph

Question 1

2 main features of adaptive immunity, and what they allow

Answer 1

1) specificity and memory
2) it can identify and respond to specific threats and remember previous encounters with them for a prolonged period, providing rapid protection to subsequent exposures

Question 2

what are the specialised receptor on their cell surface of b and t cells called

Answer 2

B cell receptors (BCR) or T cell receptors (TCR)

Question 3

where are lymphocytes produced

Answer 3

primary lymphoid organs

Question 4

what is the process of producing lymphocytes called

Answer 4

lymphopoieses

Question 5

what are the lympocytes

Answer 5

b and t cells

nk cells

Question 6

what are the 3 main primary lymphoid tissue

Answer 6

thymus
bone marrow
foetal liver

Question 7

where does most of our lymphopoeis occur in the uterus

Answer 7

foetal liver

Question 8

what is specificity provided by

Answer 8

a wide range of unique t cell and b cell receptor

Question 9

what are the 2 main forms of t cells

Answer 9

cd4 or t helper cells

cd8

Question 10

where is the primary site of haematopoeisis

Answer 10

bone marrow

Question 11

what happens when we encounter significant infections or inflammatory events

Answer 11

haematopoiesis increases

Question 12

where is the b cell repertiore generated

Answer 12

bone marrow

Question 13

what is a Repertoire

Answer 13

the range of genetically distinct BCRs or TCRs present in a given host – with larger the repertoire the more threats can be recognized.

Question 14

immature t cells migrate from where to where

Answer 14

migrate from bone marrow to the thymus

Question 15

what 2 forms of selection do t cells undergo

Answer 15

positive and negative

Question 16

what happens in positive selection

Answer 16

they see hla molecules on sorrounding cells using tcr

Question 17

what happens if they can’t see mhc

Answer 17

the tcr has lead to a non functioning t cell receptor

they have to be deleted in case they cause non specific activation

Question 18

what happens after + slection

Answer 18

• selection

Question 19

what happens in negative selection

Answer 19

the body checks if the t cell reacts against our own body antigen

Question 20

what happens if they do

Answer 20

apoptosis

Question 21

what is the last step

Answer 21

final selection of t cells hat recognise a non self antigen

Question 22

how is teh thymus output affeted by age

Answer 22

the thymus output declines

Question 23

how is teh thymus output affeted by age

Answer 23

the thymus output declines

Question 24

what are secondary lympoid tisusue

Answer 24

where lymphocytes can interact with antigen and other lymphocytes

Question 25

how are lympoid located around teh body

Answer 25

distributed

Question 26

how are they connected

Answer 26

by the lymohatic system and the blood

Question 27

what is the function of teh 2dry lymphoid tissue

Answer 27

to brinf the cells close proximity with the antigen

Question 28

what layers are the b and t cells found in lymph noid

Answer 28

b cells found on teh outer layer of the lymph node

t cells in the inner layer

Question 29

what separtaes the spleenfrom other 2ndry lympoid tissue

Answer 29

highly attatched to ateroile circulation so it can filter blood antigen

Question 30

where is lympoid netweork string

Answer 30

areas sourounding our external facing membrane

Question 31

where is payers patcher found

Answer 31

below the epithelium of the ileum of the small intestines

Question 32

what is teh payers patch

Answer 32

specialised secondary lympoid tissue

Question 33

what is Germinal centre:

Answer 33

anatomically restricted site where B cells undergo mutation and selection to generate high affinity antibodies

Question 34

why does. the intestines have so many germinal centres

Answer 34

high amount of antigen provided in the form of microbial products from the microbiota of the interstrinal tract

Question 35

why does. the intestines have so many germinal centres

Answer 35

high amount of antigen provided in the form of microbial products from the microbiota of the interstrinal tract

Question 36

what does the tonsils comprise of

Answer 36

pharyngeal tubular palantine lingual tonsils

Question 37

what do the tonsils encircle to create

Answer 37

oral and nasal cavity to create the waldeyer ring

Question 38

what are the tonsils speacilised for

Answer 38

antigen encounter

Question 39

why is the function of the epithelial layer

Answer 39

antigen can be sampled directly from the external enviroment

Question 40

why do the tonsils have large germinal centres

Answer 40

as food, air pass through the ring making it the perfect environment to encounter the foreign antigen on daily basis

Question 41

how do t celld enter lymph node

Answer 41

extravasation

Question 42

describe the of extravasation

Answer 42

1) rolling
2) activation
3) arrest/adhesion
4) Transendothelial migration

Question 43

what provides the chemotactic signal to draw t cells into the secretary lymphoid tissue

Answer 43

ccl21

ccr7

Question 44

what provides the chemotactic signal to draw t cells into the secretary lymphoid tissue

Answer 44

ccl21

ccr7

Question 45

how are antigens transported from the site of inflammation to the secondary lymphoid tissue via lymphatics

Answer 45

1) uptake by antigen presenting cells (mostly dendtrtic cell) migrate out of inflammed tissue and traffic to lymph node to t and b cells. interact with t cells
2) the antigen will eventually flow into the lymphatics, and tooken to lymhatic node

Question 46

what is Antigen presentation

Answer 46

The display of peptides in the major histocompatibility complex I or II proteins such that the T cell receptor can attempt to bind them.